It refers to perennial woody plants that bear fruit that can be eaten raw or processed. In a broader sense, it also includes similar perennial herbaceous plants such as bananas, pineapples, papayas, and passion fruit, as well as rootstock plants for fruit trees. In the United States and some other countries, herbaceous strawberries are included in the category of fruit trees due to horticultural practices, but in Japan they are treated as vegetables. [Muneo Iizuka] ClassificationClassification methods can be broadly divided into two categories: natural classification and artificial classification. The former is a classification method based on the classification of plant taxonomy into phyla, class, order, family, genera, species, varieties, and cultivars, and is based on phylogenetics and morphology. Looking at the number of major fruit tree species currently used by this method around the world, there are two orders, three families, three genera, and six species in the gymnosperm division, three orders, three families, four genera, and four species in the angiosperm division of monocotyledons, and 19 orders, 36 families, 60 genera, and 278 species in the dicotyledons division. There are slight differences in the classification methods used by different people, and they are not fixed. Considering the tropical fruit trees that have been introduced in recent years, it is expected that more types of fruit trees will be added in the future. The artificial classification was done with consideration for horticultural convenience and also for the position of plant taxonomy, and many proposals have been made by many people. "Fruit Tree Cultivation Methods" (vols. 1-8) by Fujii Ietsu, published in 1876 (Meiji 9), is a systematization of fruit trees, categorizing them into berries (those that bear juicy fruit such as grapes and currants), pome fruits (those that bear pome fruits such as pears and apples, and those that bear semi-pome fruits such as persimmons and citrus fruits), stone fruits (those that bear fruits with a stone such as peaches and jujubes), and dry fruits (those whose usable part is a dry seed such as chestnuts and almonds). This classification is quite unreasonable, as it places false fruits such as pears and apples and true fruits such as persimmons and mandarins in the same category of pome fruits. Therefore, attempts were made to classify fruit trees based on their characteristics, distribution, and cultivation features. As an example, plants are first divided into medium- to tall trees, vines, and shrubs, and the medium- to tall trees are further divided into deciduous (pome fruits, drupe fruits, shell fruits, etc.) and evergreen (citrus fruits, pome fruits, etc.). [Muneo Iizuka] Wilderness and characteristicsThe following shows the native habitats of major fruit trees from 11 regions, which are the eight centers of origin of cultivated plants in the world according to the Russian botanist Vavilov (1887-1943) plus three more regions: North America, Oceania, and Europe/Siberia.
[Muneo Iizuka] Native Japanese Fruit TreesFruit trees native to Japan that were widely used include only a few species such as the Japanese pear, Japanese chestnut, and Japanese walnut, and other trees such as loquat, persimmon, and plum are thought to have been introduced prehistorically or are native to Japan. This scarcity is due in part to the fact that Japan has a lack of genetic resources for fruit trees to begin with, but also to the fact that Japan is blessed with favorable weather, soil, and other characteristics, and has been able to live without relying on related species such as rowan, viburnum, raspberries, cowberry, hazel, Japanese mulberry, and grapes, which are widely used in Europe and Siberia, even though they existed in the country. Even in Japan, where lifestyles have become more diverse, it is worth considering utilizing these resources in the future. [Muneo Iizuka] Domestication of fruit treesAs humans moved from a time of nomadic life in search of food to a settled life, their eating habits gradually changed. They harvested and ate wild fruits in the mountains and fields, discarded the seeds, and trees grew from them, which also bore fruit. From this, people likely learned to cultivate fruit trees. From sowing seeds or transplanting and cultivating them, fruit trees came to be cultivated in the same way as herbaceous crops. In every era, fruit trees were used within the scope of a person's life. When exchanges between the East and the West occurred, fruit trees from that area were introduced. In Japan, fruit trees native to China were first introduced, and then fruit trees from West Asia and Europe were introduced via the Silk Road and sea routes, with China as a stopover. Currently, fruit trees from all over the world are introduced, except for those that are unsuitable for the environment. As cultivation spread, economic activity also became more active, leading to the development of today's fruit horticulture. [Muneo Iizuka] "Revised edition of the Encyclopedia of Fruit Tree Gardening edited by Koichi Sato et al. (1984, Yokendo)" [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生(なま)または加工して食べる果実をつける永年性の木本性植物をいう。広義ではこのほか、これに類する永年性の草本植物であるバナナ、パイナップル、パパイヤ、パッションフルーツなどと、果樹の台木用植物をも含める。アメリカその他一部の国々では、園芸の慣習上、草本性イチゴ類を果樹に入れているが、日本では蔬菜(そさい)として扱っている。 [飯塚宗夫] 分類分類方法は大別して自然分類と人為分類の二つがある。前者は植物分類学的に門、綱、目、科、属、種、変種、栽培品種の区分に従って系統だてて分類するもので、その基礎を系統発生や形態学に置く。この方法によって現在利用されている全世界の果樹類のおもな種の数をみると、裸子植物門では2目、3科、3属、6種が、被子植物門では単子葉植物綱に3目、3科、4属、4種が、双子葉植物綱に19目、36科、60属、278種がある。このような分類の手法も人によっては若干の相違がみられ、不動のものではない。近年紹介の進んできた熱帯の果樹類を考慮すると、果樹には将来さらに多くの種類が加わるものと考えられる。人為分類は園芸上の便宜を考慮し、また植物分類上の立場も考慮して分類されたもので、これまでに多くの人によって諸案が出されてきた。1876年(明治9)の藤井徹(ふじいてつ)による『菓木栽培法』(1~8巻)は果樹を体系づけたものであるが、それには漿果(しょうか)類(ブドウ、スグリなどのみずみずしい果実をつけるもの)、仁果(にんか)類(ナシ、リンゴなど仁果をつけるものと、カキ、柑橘(かんきつ)類など準仁果をつけるもの)、核果類(モモ、ナツメなど核をもつ果実をつけるもの)、乾果類(クリ、アーモンドなど利用部が種子で乾燥状態であるもの)の類別が行われた。この分類ではナシ、リンゴのように偽果をつけるものと、カキやミカンのように真果をつけるものとが同じ仁果に入るなど相当な無理がある。そこで、果樹の特性、分布、栽培上の特徴などから分類する試みが行われた。一例をみると、まず、中・高木性、つる性、低木性に分け、中・高木性をさらに落葉性(仁果、核果、殻果、その他)と常緑性(柑橘、仁果、その他)とに分けている。 [飯塚宗夫] 原生地と特性ロシアの植物学者バビロフ(1887―1943)による世界の栽培植物起源の8中心地に、さらに北アメリカ、オセアニア、ヨーロッパ・シベリアの3地域を加えた11地区からみたおもな果樹類の原生地を以下に示す。
[飯塚宗夫] 日本原生の果樹日本原生で広く利用されてきた果樹は、日本ナシ、日本グリ、オニグルミなどでその数は少なく、これらのほかにはビワ、カキ、ウメなどが史前渡来または原生と考えられる程度である。このような少なさは、一つには元来、日本に果樹用遺伝資源が乏しいことにもよるが、また一つには、日本は気象、土壌など風土に恵まれていたために、ヨーロッパやシベリアで盛んに利用されてきたナナカマド、ガマズミ、キイチゴ類、コケモモ、ハシバミ、コクワ、ブドウ類などの近縁種が原生していても、それらに頼らずに生活することが可能であったことにもよるものであろう。生活が多様化してきた日本でも、将来、これら資源の活用は一考に値する。 [飯塚宗夫] 果樹の栽培化食物を求めて移動した生活の時代から定住の生活に入って、人類の食生活様式は徐々に変わってきた。山野に自生する果物を収穫して食べ、その捨てた種子から生えた木々が生育して、同様に果物をつける。このことから果樹の栽培化は学ばれたであろう。種子を播(ま)き、あるいは移植し育てることから、果樹もまた草本作物同様に栽培化が行われるようになった。どの時代でも、利用される果樹は、その生活の範囲内において行われた。東西の交流がおこれば、そこに交流範囲の果樹が導入された。日本においては、まず中国原生の果樹が導入され、やがて、西アジアやヨーロッパの果樹がシルク・ロードや海路を通じて中国を中継地として導入されてきた。現在では環境不適なものを除き、全世界の果樹が導入されている。こうした栽培化の拡大のなかで経済活動も盛んとなり、今日の果樹園芸へと展開してきた。 [飯塚宗夫] 『佐藤公一他編著『果樹園芸大事典』改定版(1984・養賢堂)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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