Recombinant DNA

Japanese: 組換えDNA - くみかえでぃーえぬえー
Recombinant DNA

A recombinant molecule is made by cutting and recombining a gene DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, the main body of a gene) and a DNA molecule capable of self-replicating in a living cell in a test tube using enzymes. The gene DNA used to make recombinant DNA is prepared by one of the following methods: (1) Cutting it from chromosomal DNA with a special enzyme called a restriction enzyme. (2) Cutting it by applying mechanical force. (3) Extracting messenger RNA from the cytoplasm and using it as a template to synthesize a gene DNA with a complementary structure using reverse transcriptase. (4) Predicting the nucleotide sequence of DNA from the amino acid sequence of the protein produced by that gene using the genetic code, and directly synthesizing DNA by chemical synthesis. The self-replicating DNA molecule used to combine with the gene DNA made in this way is called a vector, and serves as a carrier of genes. Self-replicating cytoplasmic elements of bacteria such as E. coli called plasmids and certain viruses are often used as vectors. Cutting the chromosomal DNA of an organism using the above method (1) or (2) and connecting it to an appropriate vector will produce a set of recombinant DNA that contains all of the organism's genes. A set of such recombinant DNA is called a gene library or a gene bank. By extracting recombinant DNA containing a desired gene from a gene library using an appropriate method, it is possible to study that gene. This type of experimental method is often used in genetic engineering and is called a shotgun experiment.

There are the following methods for linking gene DNA and vector to create recombinant DNA. (1) Linking gene DNA molecule and vector by cutting with the same restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes have the ability to cut specific base sequences of foreign DNA that has invaded bacterial cells. For example, EcoRI, a type of restriction enzyme produced by E. coli, cuts the double-stranded DNA -GAATTC-
-CTTAAG-
(A, G, C, and T are the nucleotide bases that make up DNA, and represent adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, respectively) and cut between the G and A in the double strand,
-G AATTC-
-CTTAA G-
The restriction enzyme Hind (III) produced by influenza bacteria cuts DNA into fragments with the following structure: -AAGCTT-
-TTCGAA-
Identify and cut between A and A on both chains.
-A AGCTT-
-TTCGA A-
When two DNA strands cut with the same restriction enzyme are combined, they can be joined at their complementary ends to create recombinant DNA. (2) A linker is attached to the end of the DNA, which is then cut with a restriction enzyme and connected to a vector. A DNA strand fragment with a base sequence that can be cut with a specific restriction enzyme is used as a linker. When EcoRI linkers are attached to both ends of a gene DNA and it is cut with EcoRI, it can be linked to a vector cut with the same enzyme to create recombinant DNA. (3) A single strand made of the same nucleotides is created at both ends of the gene DNA, and it is connected to a vector with a complementary single strand attached. A single strand made of many Cs is attached to the gene DNA, and it is connected to a vector with a single strand made of many Gs to create recombinant DNA.

Experiments in which recombinant DNA is produced in a test tube and then introduced into living cells for proliferation are called recombinant DNA experiments, and are used as the primary method of genetic engineering for cloning genes.

[Tatsuo Ishikawa]

[Reference] | Genetic engineering

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある遺伝子DNA(遺伝子の本体であるデオキシリボ核酸)と生細胞内で自己増殖可能なDNA分子を、酵素などを用いて試験管内で切断し、つなぎ換えてできる組換え分子。組換えDNAをつくるのに用いる遺伝子DNAは次の方法のいずれかで調整される。(1)染色体DNAから制限酵素とよばれる特殊な酵素で切り出す。(2)機械的な力を加えて切断する。(3)細胞質から伝令RNAを取り出してこれを鋳型にし、逆転写酵素により相補的な構造をもつ遺伝子DNAを合成する。(4)その遺伝子のつくるタンパク質のアミノ酸配列から遺伝暗号によりDNAのヌクレオチド配列を推定し、化学合成によりDNAを直接合成する。このようにしてつくられた遺伝子DNAと結合するのに用いられる自己増殖可能なDNA分子はベクターvectorとよばれ、遺伝子の運び手となる。ベクターとしてはプラスミドとよばれる大腸菌など細菌類の自己増殖性細胞質因子やある種のウイルスがしばしば用いられる。ある生物の染色体DNAを前記(1)か(2)の方法で切って適当なベクターにつなぐと、その生物のすべての遺伝子をもつ組換えDNAの一そろいができる。このような組換えDNAの一そろいを遺伝子ライブラリーgene library、あるいは遺伝子バンクgene bankとよんでいる。遺伝子ライブラリーから適当な方法で必要な遺伝子を含む組換えDNAを取り出せば、その遺伝子の研究ができる。このような実験方法は遺伝子工学でしばしば用いられ、ショットガン実験shotgun experimentとよばれている。

 遺伝子DNAとベクターをつないで組換えDNAをつくるには、次の方法がある。(1)遺伝子DNA分子とベクターを同じ制限酵素で切ってつなぐ方法。制限酵素は細菌細胞内に侵入した異種DNAの特定塩基配列の部分を切断する性質をもっている。たとえば、大腸菌がつくる制限酵素の一種EcoRI(エコーアールワン)はDNA2本鎖の
  -GAATTC-
  -CTTAAG-
という塩基配列(A、G、C、TはDNAをつくるヌクレオチド塩基でそれぞれアデニン、グアニン、シトシン、チミンを示す)を見分け、2本鎖のそれぞれのGとAの間を切断し、
  -G   AATTC-
  -CTTAA   G-
という切り口をもつDNA断片に切断する。またインフルエンザ菌のつくる制限酵素Hind (Ⅲ)(ヒンディースリー)は
  -AAGCTT-
  -TTCGAA-
を見分け、両鎖のAとAの間を切り、
  -A   AGCTT-
  -TTCGA   A-
の切り口をもつ断片にする。同じ制限酵素で切った2種のDNA鎖をいっしょにすると、その相補的な切り口でつなぎ組換えDNAをつくることができる。(2)DNAの端にリンカーlinkerとよばれるつなぎ手を結合し、制限酵素で切ってベクターにつなぐ方法。リンカーとしては、特定の制限酵素で切断できるような塩基配列のDNA鎖断片が使われる。遺伝子DNAの両端にEcoRIリンカーをつけ、EcoRIで切断すると、同じ酵素で切ったベクターに結合し、組換えDNAをつくることができる。(3)遺伝子DNAの両端に、同じヌクレオチドからなる1本鎖をつくり、相補的な1本鎖をつけたベクターに結合する方法。遺伝子DNAに多数のCからなる1本鎖をつけ、多数のGからなる1本鎖をつけたベクターにつなぎ、組換えDNAをつくることができる。

 試験管内で組換えDNAをつくり、それを生細胞に移入して増殖させる実験は組換えDNA実験とよばれ、遺伝子工学の主要な方法として遺伝子のクローン化に用いられている。

[石川辰夫]

[参照項目] | 遺伝子工学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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