It is the exchange ratio between a country's imports and exports (the ratio of the quantity of an import exchanged for one unit of an export). For example, if Japan exports one car and imports one ton of beef in exchange, the quantitative exchange ratio between beef and cars is the terms of trade (more precisely, the terms of trade in goods). When the exchange ratio changes so that a larger quantity (for example, two tons) of beef is imported for the same one car exported (i.e., the price of beef becomes relatively cheaper than the price of a car on the international market), Japan's terms of trade are said to have become favorable. However, in normal trade, goods are not directly exchanged for goods, and there are many types of goods traded, so the terms of trade are expressed as an index. When exports and imports are in equilibrium, the export amount calculated by multiplying the quantity of exports by the price is equal to the import amount calculated by multiplying the quantity of imports by the price, so the ratio of the quantity of imports to exports is equal to the ratio of the prices of exports to imports. The terms of trade (index) of goods is expressed as the ratio of the price index of export goods divided by the price index of import goods. When the prices of export goods are relatively higher than those of import goods, the terms of trade of a country become more favorable and the profits from trade of that country become larger. The terms of trade for goods are important as an indicator of changes in a country's trade profits, but since trade profits are also affected by productivity changes in export industries and trade volume, the terms of trade for goods alone are not necessarily sufficient to measure such changes. For example, let us assume that labor productivity in the Japanese automobile industry has increased four-fold and the export price of passenger cars has fallen by half. If the import price of beef remains unchanged, two passenger cars will be exchanged for one ton of beef, and the terms of trade for goods will become unfavorable to Japan. However, Japan has become advantageous in the sense that it can now obtain the same amount of beef in exchange for passenger cars produced in half the labor time as before. The terms of trade for production factors are used to capture such terms of trade in terms of production factors. The rate of decrease in the amount of labor (production factors) input to the production of one unit of export goods is expressed as the rate of increase in labor productivity. Therefore, the change in the ratio of the amount of production factors input to the production of one ton of beef and one passenger car is expressed by multiplying the terms of trade for goods by the productivity increase index of the export industry. These are called single factor terms of trade, and in this example, Japan's terms of trade for its production factors are favorable. Other terms of trade include dual factor terms of trade, total terms of trade, and income terms of trade. In Japan, the Ministry of Finance compiles the merchandise terms of trade index from trade price indexes based on customs statistics. [Akira Shida] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一国の輸入品と輸出品の交換比率(輸出品1単位と交換される輸入品の数量の比)をいう。たとえば、日本が乗用車1台を輸出してそれと交換に牛肉を1トン輸入するとすれば、そのような牛肉と乗用車の数量的な交換比率が、交易条件(より正確には商品交易条件)である。いままでと同じ1台の乗用車の輸出に対してより多くの数量(たとえば2トン)の牛肉が輸入されるように交換比率が変わる(すなわち国際市場で乗用車の価格よりも牛肉の価格のほうが相対的に安くなる)とき、日本の交易条件は有利になったという。ただし通常の貿易では、商品と商品が直接交換されるわけではなく、取引される商品の種類も多数であるから、交易条件は指数で表される。輸出と輸入が均衡する場合には、輸出品の数量に価格を乗じた輸出額は、輸入品の数量に価格を乗じた輸入額に等しくなるから、輸入品と輸出品の数量の比は、輸出品と輸入品の価格の比に等しい。そこで商品交易条件(指数)は、輸出品の価格指数を輸入品の価格指数で除した比で表される。輸出品の価格が輸入品のそれよりも相対的に高くなると、その国の交易条件は有利になり、その国の貿易の利益は大きくなる。 商品交易条件は一国の貿易の利益の変化を示す一つの指標として重要であるが、貿易の利益は輸出産業における生産性の変化や貿易量によっても影響を受けるので、その変化を知るための指標は、商品交易条件だけではかならずしも十分ではない。たとえば日本の自動車産業で労働生産性が4倍に上昇し、乗用車の輸出価格が2分の1に下落したとしよう。牛肉の輸入価格は不変であるとすれば、乗用車2台と牛肉1トンが交換されることになり、商品交易条件は日本に不利化する。しかし日本は、従前の2分の1の労働時間で生産した乗用車と交換に同じ量の牛肉を入手できるようになったという意味では、有利になったのである。このような生産要素面で交易条件をとらえるのが、生産要素交易条件である。1単位の輸出品の生産に投入される労働(生産要素)量の減少率は、労働生産性の上昇率で表される。したがって、牛肉1トンと乗用車1台の生産に投入される生産要素量の比の変化は、商品交易条件に輸出産業の生産性上昇率指数を乗じたものによって示される。それを単一生産要素交易条件といい、この例では、日本の生産要素交易条件は有利化しているのである。交易条件にはほかに二重生産要素交易条件、総交易条件、所得交易条件などがある。 なお、わが国では財務省により、通関統計に基づいた貿易価格指数から商品交易条件指数が作成されている。 [志田 明] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
…It is used to express the appearance of monsters...
...A large amount of low-viscosity oil such as ke...
Year of death: Hōki 1.8.4 (770.8.28) Year of birth...
…Due to these circumstances, the idea that Ogurad...
…Here is one impressive scene involving hands fro...
International Union for Conservation of Nature and...
…Other cultivars include maples with variegated l...
Enzymes have the characteristic of acting only on...
…In cases of myocardial hypertrophy such as aorti...
The former village name (Kaida Village) was locat...
...It is especially common in Hokkaido. Its Engli...
A town in the northern part of the Isle of Wight, ...
A freely associated state of the United States (Es...
… vibrating compactor A machine that compacts san...
...The following names in parentheses indicate br...