Public utilities

Japanese: 公益事業 - こうえきじぎょう(英語表記)public utilities
Public utilities

An industry that provides services essential to the daily life of the people. Conditions for this include that the service is necessary for the local community, that it is provided under a monopoly, and that there is national regulation that is commensurate with the granting of the monopoly. Legally, it is based on the Land Expropriation Act, the Local Public Enterprise Act, the Labor Relations Adjustment Act, etc., and can be divided into (1) public transportation businesses such as railways, urban transportation, general passenger cars, regular ships, and regular airlines, (2) public communication businesses such as postal services, telegraph and telephone, and broadcasting, and (3) businesses that supply daily necessities such as electricity, gas, and water. As stated above, public utilities are generally exempt from the application of the Antimonopoly Act, and at the same time, each business law (such as the Electricity Business Act) stipulates the acceptance of monopolies, protection of consumers and users, regulation of fee determination and service content, and adjustment of monopolies and local communities. In addition, labor disputes by employees of companies that operate public utilities are restricted or prohibited by the Labor Relations Adjustment Act, etc. The Land Expropriation Act recognizes the right to expropriate land necessary for public utilities. This is because the public interest of public service businesses is commensurate with social and public interests. Normally, public service businesses refer only to those that are legally required, but the scope has expanded historically, and the term is sometimes used in a fairly broad sense to include medical care and education. Companies that operate public service businesses are called public interest companies, but in English the two are the same.

[Mitsuo Morimoto]

"An Introduction to Public Interest Industry Theory" by Eijiro Nawata (1986, Chikura Shobo)

[Supplementary Material] | Scope of public utilities as stipulated by law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国民の日常生活に不可欠の用役(サービス)を供給する産業のこと。その条件としては、地域社会にとって必需の用役であること、独占的状態において供給されていること、独占権の付与に見合う国家の規制があること、などがあげられる。法的には、土地収用法、地方公営企業法、労働関係調整法などに基づくもので、これを整理すれば、(1)鉄道、都市交通、一般乗合自動車、定期船、定期航空などの公衆運輸事業、(2)郵便、電信電話、放送などの公衆通信事業、(3)電気、ガス、水道などの生活用益供給事業になる。前記条件にあるように、公益事業は一般に独占禁止法の適用除外となっており、同時にそれぞれの事業法(電気事業法など)によって、独占の容認、消費者・利用者の保護、料金決定と用役内容の規制、独占と地域社会の調整などが定められている。また、公益事業を営む企業の従業員の行う争議行為については、労働関係調整法などによって制限が加えられ、あるいは禁止されている。土地収用法では、公益事業のために必要な土地について、土地収用権を認めている。公益事業のもつ公益性は、社会性、公共性と見合うものだからである。通常、公益事業は法定のもののみをさすが、その範囲は歴史的に拡大されてきており、医療や教育を加えて、かなり広義に用いることもある。公益事業を営む企業は公益企業とよばれるが、英語では両者は同じである。

[森本三男]

『縄田栄次郎著『公益産業論序説』(1986・千倉書房)』

[補完資料] | 法律に規定されている公益事業の範囲

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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