Housing that is developed by local governments based on the Public Housing Act (Act No. 193 of 1951) and is rented or subleased to low-income earners who are in housing difficulty. Under the public housing system from the enactment of the law until 1996, the rent for public housing was set by local governments with a limit of the amortized construction cost plus repair costs (legal maximum rent method). In addition, a classification of first and second types of housing was established, with the second type designated for lower-income earners and receiving a higher national subsidy rate than the first type, lowering the upper limit on rent. Public housing is positioned as a policy to provide a safety net to ensure stable housing for low-income earners who are struggling to find housing, and therefore income standards are set for eligibility. When the law was first enacted, the income standards were so broad that about 80% of all households were eligible, but as national income levels improved and the housing market developed, the eligible households gradually became more limited. In the early 1960s, the eligibility criteria were set at about 60% of income quintiles (a number that indicates the bottom percentile of each household's income when all households are ranked in order of lowest income), 40% in the late 1960s, and about 33% since the mid-1970s. With the amendment of the Public Housing Law in 1996, the rent was changed to a system in which rent is determined taking into account the income of the resident, the location and size of the public housing, the number of years it has been in operation, etc. (ability-based rent system), and the rent level was set to be lower than that of similar housing in the vicinity. With this amendment, the income standard for admission was set at about 25% of the income quintile, and the monthly income threshold was set at 200,000 yen, limiting eligibility to those with even lower incomes. In addition, due to the shortage of barrier-free housing in the market, local governments were allowed to raise the income standard for elderly and disabled households to about 40% of the income quintile (monthly income of 268,000 yen) at their discretion. However, as the number of people falling into the 200,000 yen or less monthly income bracket increased and the application ratio rose, the Public Housing Act Enforcement Ordinance was amended in 2009 to raise the entrance income threshold to 158,000 yen or less for general households and 214,000 yen or less for discretionary households. In recent years, housing poverty is no longer limited to low income, and the challenge is to respond to increasing and diversifying needs such as welfare needs of elderly people living alone, needs of families with children and large families, and emergency and temporary housing needs of victims of domestic violence. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that specializing public housing as a housing safety net leads to the concentration of socially vulnerable people in public housing, which reduces the vitality of local government functions and communities. The ratio of public housing to the total housing stock in Japan is 4.2% (2008). The proportion of public rental housing, including housing provided by the Urban Renaissance Agency and public housing corporations, is 6.1%, a low proportion compared to developed European countries such as the UK, Germany and France. Currently, housing policy is based on a market-oriented approach and the effective use of existing housing stock, so new construction of public housing is effectively limited to the replacement of aging stock, and the overall number of public housing units is showing a slight downward trend. [Yumiko Hotta] "Yasushi Sumimoto, Article-by-Article Commentary on the New Public Housing Law" (1997, Commercial Law Research Association)" "Explanation of the Regional Housing Special Measures Law and Revised Public Housing Law, etc., supervised by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Housing Bureau" (2006, Gyosei) [Reference items] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
公営住宅法(昭和26年法律第193号)に基づいて地方公共団体が整備し、住宅に困窮する低額所得者に賃貸または転貸される住宅。 法制定から1996年(平成8)までの公営住宅制度では、公営住宅家賃は建設費の償却額に、修繕費などを加えた額を限度として地方公共団体が定める方式(法定限度額家賃方式)が採用されていた。また第1種および第2種の種別区分を設けて、第2種をより低額所得者向けの住宅として、国庫補助率を第1種住宅よりも高くして家賃の限度額を引き下げていた。 公営住宅は、住宅に困窮する低額所得者の居住の安定を確保するためのセーフティネットとして政策的に位置づけられているため、入居資格に収入基準が設けられている。法制定当初の入居収入基準は全世帯の約80%が対象となるほど広範なものであったが、その後国民所得水準の向上や住宅市場の整備に伴って、徐々に対象となる世帯が限定されていった。1960年代前半には収入分位(全世帯を収入の低い順に並べたとき、各世帯の収入順位が下から何%に位置しているかを示す数値)の約60%、1960年代後半には40%、1970年代なかば以降は約33%を入居の対象とした。 1996年の公営住宅法改正により、家賃は入居者の収入と当該公営住宅の立地条件や規模、経過年数などを考慮して決定する仕組み(応能応益家賃方式)に変更され、家賃水準は近傍同種の住宅の家賃以下であることとされた。この制度改正に伴い、入居収入基準は収入分位の約25%、入居収入基準額は月収20万円とされ、入居の対象をいっそう所得の低い階層に限定した。またバリアフリー住宅が市場において不足している等の理由から、高齢者や障害者世帯については、地方公共団体の裁量によって、入居収入基準を収入分位の約40%(月収26万8000円)にまで引き上げることを可能とした。ところが、その後月収20万円以下に該当する階層が増加し、応募倍率が上昇したため、2009年(平成21)に公営住宅法施行令の一部が改正され、入居収入基準額を一般世帯は月収15万8000円以下に、裁量世帯は月収21万4000円まで引き上げることができるようになった。 近年では、住宅困窮は、低額所得であるということに限定されない状況が生まれており、単身高齢者の福祉ニーズや子育て世帯や多子世帯のニーズ、DV(ドメスティック・バイオレンスdomestic violence)被害者の緊急・一時居住ニーズなど、増加・多様化するニーズへの対応が課題である。他方で、公営住宅を住宅のセーフティネットとしての機能に特化させることが、公営住宅に社会的弱者を集中させ、自治機能や地域コミュニティの活力を低下させているという問題も指摘されている。 公営住宅の全住宅ストックに対する比率は、日本では4.2%(2008)である。都市再生機構住宅や公社住宅などを含めた公的賃貸住宅の割合も6.1%であり、イギリスやドイツ、フランスなどの先進ヨーロッパ諸国と比較するとその割合は低い。現在では、住宅政策が市場重視と、既存住宅ストックの有効活用を基本方針としていることから、公営住宅の新規建設は老朽化したストックの建て替えによるものに事実上限定されており、全体として公営住宅戸数は微減の傾向にある。 [堀田祐三子] 『住本靖著『新公営住宅法逐条解説』(1997・商事法務研究会)』▽『国土交通省住宅局監修『地域住宅特別措置法・改正公営住宅法等の解説』(2006・ぎょうせい)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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