Stool test - Kenben

Japanese: 検便 - けんべん
Stool test - Kenben

This refers to the examination of feces for the purpose of diagnosing a disease, and can be broadly divided into those that are performed in a uniform manner in a set order (routine examinations) and special examinations. Special examinations are usually called by specific test names such as balance studies, such as the quantitative determination of fat in feces, and stool examinations can generally be thought of as referring to routine fecal examinations. Therefore, the feces sample can be fresh and excreted on a daily basis, and no special conditions are imposed.

Routine stool tests can be divided into macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical tests, depending on the method used. Macroscopic tests provide information on digestion and absorption, intestinal motility, bile excretion, inflammation, and hemorrhagic lesions, based on the shape, hardness, amount, color, odor, and in some cases, litmus paper pH. Parasites may also be found. Microscopic tests reveal food residues, cellular components such as digestive epithelial cells, and intestinal flora through staining, as well as pathological foreign bodies such as mucus, blood, parasites and their eggs, and stones. In particular, to detect digestive and absorptive disorders, it is useful to observe lipid droplets under a microscope using the azo dye Sudan III stain, keeping in mind the most common type of steatorrhea. In addition to regular microscopic examinations, eggs should be collected by flotation or sedimentation methods, taking into account the characteristics of each type, when a specific type is suspected. The most widely used biochemical test is the occult blood test, and Adolf Schmidt's (1865-1918) mercury chloride test is a method for detecting urobilin and is used to determine the degree of bile duct obstruction.

[Akira Ishimori]

[Reference item] | Occult blood reaction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

病気の診断の目的で行われる糞便(ふんべん)の検査をいい、一定の順序で画一的に行われるもの(ルーチンの検査)と特殊なものに大別される。特殊検査は、糞便中の脂肪定量の場合のように、バランススタディといった特定の検査名でよばれるのが普通であり、検便といえば一般にルーチンの糞便検査をさすと考えてよい。したがって、検体となる糞便は日常排出される新鮮なものでよく、特別に条件をつけることはない。

 ルーチンの検便で行われる検査項目は、検査の手法によって、肉眼的検査、顕微鏡的検査、生化学的検査に分けることができる。肉眼的検査では、形状、硬度、量、色、臭気、場合によってはリトマス試験紙による水素イオン濃度(pH)などから、消化吸収、腸管運動、胆汁排出、炎症や出血性病変についての情報が得られる。ときに寄生虫体が認められることもある。顕微鏡検査では食物残渣(ざんさ)、消化管上皮細胞などの細胞成分、あるいは染色などにより腸内細菌叢(そう)などの所見のほか、病的には粘液、血液、寄生虫およびその卵、結石などの異物がみられる。とくに消化吸収障害の発見には、もっとも頻度の高い脂肪便を念頭において、アゾ色素のズダンⅢ(Sudan Ⅲ)染色により顕微鏡下に脂肪滴を観察することが有用である。虫卵の検査には通常の顕微鏡検査のほか、特定の種類が想定される場合には、それぞれの特性を考慮に入れて浮遊法や沈殿法による集卵を試みる必要がある。生化学的検査としては潜血反応がもっとも普及しており、そのほかにウロビリン検出法としてシュミットAdolf Schmidt(1865―1918)の昇汞(しょうこう)(塩化水銀(Ⅱ))試験は胆管閉塞(へいそく)の程度を知るのに用いられる。

[石森 章]

[参照項目] | 潜血反応

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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