Marshall, Alfred

Japanese: マーシャル（英語表記）Marshall， Alfred

Born: July 26, 1842, London
Died July 13, 1924. British economist and founder of the Cambridge School. He majored in mathematics at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating second in his class in 1865 and being elected a Fellow of the same college. He served as Rector and Professor of Economics at University College, Bristol from 1877 to 1881, Fellow and Lecturer in Economics at Balliol College, Oxford from 1883 to 1885, and became a Professor at Cambridge University in 1885. He also contributed to the establishment of the Royal Economic Society in 1890 and the publication of its journal, the Economic Journal, and served as a member of the Royal Commission on Labour from 1891 to 1894. He initially intended to study molecular physics, but after joining the Grote Club (1867), he began to study philosophy, ethics, and psychology, inspired by the issue of poverty in society, and settled on economics in the early 1970s. While continuing his theoretical research, he also traveled to the United States to observe the state of protectionism in emerging countries, and from this time he became interested in the rapid decline of Britain's industrial leadership due to the rise of the United States and Germany. With the publication of his main work, Principles of Economics (90), he established himself as an economist, and his first work, co-written with his wife MP Marshall, "The Economy of Industry" (79), is also attracting attention. His economics is often characterized as a partial equilibrium theory, which is closely related to its analysis of the supply side, especially its treatment of the time element. His long-term research results, Industry and Trade: A Study of Industrial Technique and Business Organization, and Their Influences on the Conditions of Various Classes and Nations (1919) and Money, Credit and Commerce (23), are also must-read books for Marshallian economics.

Marshall
Marshall, Barry J.

Born September 30, 1951. Kalgoorlie, Australia. A medical scientist. Graduated from the University of Western Australia in 1974, he worked at Royal Perth Hospital (1977-84), and was appointed research associate and professor at the University of Virginia in 1986, professor at the University's Institute of Medicine in 1996, and professor at his alma mater in 1997. During his time at Royal Perth Hospital, he began research on Helicobacter pylori with J. Robin Warren, a pathologist at the hospital who demonstrated the presence of an unknown rod-shaped bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, in the gastric mucosa of patients with gastritis. He examined tissues from 100 patients and confirmed the presence of the bacterium in almost all patients with gastritis, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers. In 1982, he succeeded in isolating and culturing Helicobacter pylori. He swallowed the cultured bacterium himself, proving that the bacterium causes gastritis. He overturned the conventional wisdom that stress and excess stomach acid were the main causes, and showed that Helicobacter pylori was a pathogen, bringing about a major revolution in prevention and treatment. For this achievement, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Warren in 2005. He was also awarded the Lasker Prize in 1995 and the Paul Ehrlich Prize in 1997.

Marshall
Marshall, John

Born September 24, 1755, near Germantown
Died July 6, 1835, Philadelphia. American lawyer and politician. He served in the military during the War of Independence, and later showed talent in politics. After the founding of the United States, he played an active role as a member of the Federalist Party, which sought to broaden federal authority, and served as Secretary of State (1800-01). Later, he was appointed the fourth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by the second President, J. Adams, who also belonged to the Federalist Party, in order to preserve its influence. During his term as Chief Justice until 1835, he worked hard to establish the authority of the courts and to secure and expand the power of the federal government, laying the foundation for the American constitutional system. He is particularly famous for the case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803, in which he himself declared that the courts had the power to review unconstitutional legislation, which created a major characteristic of the American Constitution.

Marshall
Marshall, George Catlett

Born December 31, 1880 in Uniontown, Pennsylvania
[Died] October 16, 1959, Washington, DC
American soldier and politician. After graduating from Virginia Military Academy in 1901, he served as a career soldier, touring the Philippines, China and other countries. He served as Chief of Army Staff from 1939 to 1945, and was active in World War II as an advisor to F. Roosevelt, attending the Casablanca, Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam Conferences. He served as Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949 and Secretary of Defense from 1950 to 1951. During his time as Secretary of State, he proposed the famous Marshall Plan in a speech at Harvard University's commencement ceremony on June 5, 1947. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 in recognition of his contributions to the economic recovery of Europe.

Marshall
Marshall, Thomas Riley

Born March 14, 1854 in North Manchester, Indiana.
[Died] June 1, 1925, Washington, DC
American lawyer and politician. He practiced law in Indiana from 1875 to 1909. In 1908, he was elected governor of Indiana as a Democrat. In 1912, he was elected vice president to T. W. Wilson, and was re-elected in 1916, serving two terms. He maintained absolute neutrality before World War I, but supported the League of Nations after the war. He was known for his humor, and was the most popular and longest-serving vice president in American history.

Marshall
Marshall, Sir John Hubert

Born: March 19, 1876, Chester
[Died] April 17, 1958.
British Indian archaeologist. Studied at Cambridge. Served as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. He achieved great success in the excavations of the Mohenjo Daro ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization (1922-31) and the ancient city of Takshashila (Takshila) in northwestern India (13-34). He is also famous for his research on the Sanchi ruins and his study of Gandhara art.

Marshall
Marshall, James Wilson

Born: October 8, 1810, New Jersey
Died August 10, 1885. Near Coloma, California. A pioneer in California, USA. He reached Sacramento in July 1845 and began construction of a sawmill with J. Sutter. While repairing a floodway, he discovered a gold nugget on January 24, 1848, which marked the beginning of the Gold Rush.

Marshall
Marshall

A city on the eastern edge of Texas in the United States. During the Civil War, it was the temporary capital of Missouri. It is located on the Texas Pacific Railroad and is a center for the trade, shipping, and processing of agricultural products, oil, and lumber. It is home to Wiley College (established in 1873) and other educational facilities. Population 23,682 (1990).

Marshall
Marshall, Benjamin

[Born] 1767
[Died] 1835
British painter. He studied under portrait painter L. Abbott. He also painted portraits and animal paintings, but gained fame especially as a sports painter.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1842.7.26. ロンドン
[没]1924.7.13. ケンブリッジ
イギリスの経済学者，ケンブリッジ学派の始祖。ケンブリッジのセント・ジョーンズ・カレッジで数学を専攻し，1865年第2位で卒業して同カレッジのフェローに選ばれた。 77～81年ブリストルのユニバーシティ・カレッジの学長兼経済学教授，83～85年オックスフォードのベリオル・カレッジのフェロー兼経済学講師を経て，85年ケンブリッジ大学教授。 90年王立経済学会の設立やその機関紙"Economic Journal"の発刊にも尽力し，91～94年王立労働委員会委員をつとめる。最初は分子物理学の研究を意図したが，グロート・クラブに加入した頃 (1867) から社会の貧困問題を契機に哲学，倫理学，心理学を研究し，70年代初めに経済学に定着。その後は理論面の研究を進める一方，新興国における保護主義の実情視察のため渡米，この頃からアメリカ，ドイツの台頭によってイギリスの産業上の主導権の急速な失墜に関心をもつようになった。主著『経済学原理』 Principles of Economic (90) の公刊で経済学者として不動の地位を確立したが，その基礎となった処女作であり，夫人 M.P.マーシャルとの共著"The Economic of Industry" (79) も注目されている。彼の経済学はしばしば部分均衡理論として特徴づけられているが，これはその供給面の分析，特に時間要素の取扱いと密接な関連をもつ。長期にわたる研究の成果である『産業貿易論』 Industry and Trade: A Study of Industrial Technique and Business Organization，and Their Influences on the Conditions of Various Classes and Nations (1919) と『貨幣・信用及び商業』 Money，Credit and Commerce (23) もマーシャル経済学の必読書。

マーシャル
Marshall， Barry J.

[生]1951.9.30. カルグーリー
オーストラリアの医学者。 1974年ウェスタンオーストラリア大学を卒業，ロイヤルパース病院 (1977～84) を経て 1986年アメリカのバージニア大学研究員兼教授，1996年同大学医学研究所教授，1997年母校の教授に就任。ロイヤルパース病院勤務期間中，胃炎患者の胃粘膜に未知の桿状の細菌，ピロリ菌 (ヘリコバクター・ピロリ) が存在することを示した同病院の病理医 J.ロビン・ウォレンとともにピロリ菌の研究を開始，患者 100人の組織を調べ，胃炎，胃潰瘍，十二指腸潰瘍の罹患者のほとんどすべてからこの菌の存在を確認した。 1982年ピロリ菌の分離・培養に成功。みずから培養した菌を飲み込み，この菌が胃炎を起こすことを証明した。ストレスや胃酸過多が主たる原因とみなされていたそれまでの常識を覆し，ピロリ菌が病原菌であることを示し，予防や治療に大きな変革をもたらした。この功績により，2005年ウォレンとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞。 1995年ラスカー賞，1997年パウル・エールリヒ賞受賞。

マーシャル
Marshall， John

[生]1755.9.24. ジャーマンタウン近郊
[没]1835.7.6. フィラデルフィア
アメリカの法律家，政治家。独立戦争時には軍隊で活躍，やがて政界で才能を示し，合衆国建国後は連邦の権限を広く認めようとする連邦派に属して活躍，国務長官をつとめた (1800～01) 。のち，連邦派の勢力温存の趣旨から同派所属の第2代大統領 J.アダムズによって第4代合衆国最高裁判所長官に任命された。 1835年にいたるまでの長官在職中，裁判所の権威の確立と連邦政府の権限の確保，拡大のために力を尽し，アメリカの憲法体制の基礎をつくった。彼みずから筆をとって，違憲立法審査権を裁判所がもつことを宣明し，アメリカ憲法の一大特質を形成するきっかけをつくった，03年のマーベリー対マジソン事件はとりわけ有名である。

マーシャル
Marshall， George Catlett

[生]1880.12.31. ペンシルバニア，ユニオンタウン
[没]1959.10.16. ワシントンD.C.
アメリカの軍人，政治家。 1901年バージニア士官学校卒業後，職業軍人として，フィリピン，中国などを回った。 39～45年陸軍参謀総長となり，F.ルーズベルトの助言者として第2次世界大戦で活躍し，カサブランカ，テヘラン，ヤルタ，ポツダム諸会議に出席。 47～49年国務長官，50～51年国防長官。国務長官時代の 47年6月5日ハーバード大学の卒業式の講演で，有名なマーシャル・プランを提唱した。ヨーロッパの経済復興に対する功績が認められ，53年ノーベル平和賞が贈られた。

マーシャル
Marshall， Thomas Riley

[生]1854.3.14. インディアナ，ノースマンチェスター
[没]1925.6.1. ワシントンD.C.
アメリカの法律家，政治家。 1875～1909年インディアナ州で法律家として活躍。 08年民主党員として同州知事に当選。 12年 T.W.ウィルソンの副大統領に選ばれ，16年再選され2期つとめた。第1次世界大戦前は絶対中立の立場を取ったが，戦後は国際連盟を支持した。ユーモアに富み，アメリカ史上最も人気があり，最も長く在任した副大統領。

マーシャル
Marshall， Sir John Hubert

[生]1876.3.19. チェスター
[没]1958.4.17.
イギリスのインド考古学者。ケンブリッジに学ぶ。 1902～28年までインド考古調査局の長官。インダス文明のモヘンジョ・ダロ遺跡の発掘 (1922～31) ，北西インドの古代都市タクシャシラー (タクシラ) の発掘 (13～34) で大きな成果をあげた。サーンチー遺跡の調査，研究や，ガンダーラ美術の研究でも名高い。

マーシャル
Marshall， James Wilson

[生]1810.10.8. ニュージャージー
[没]1885.8.10. カリフォルニア，コロマ近郊
アメリカ，カリフォルニアの開拓者。 1845年7月現在のサクラメントに達し，J.サッターと共同で製材工場の建設を開始。放水路改修の途中 48年1月 24日金塊を発見，これがゴールド・ラッシュの発端となった。