Contribution of assets other than money as the consideration for shares (Article 28, Paragraph 1, of the Companies Act). In principle, a joint-stock company must make a monetary contribution, but this is an exceptional system that is permitted in order to secure the necessary assets for the company in advance. For example, when a sole proprietorship becomes a corporation (a sole proprietorship acquires legal personality and becomes a corporation for the purpose of tax savings or to enjoy the benefits of limited liability), the existing business is directly contributed in kind to establish a joint-stock company. For example, a sole proprietorship that sells food products, A, contributes in kind its food sales business (assets that are organized for a certain business purpose and function as an organic whole, such as stores, know-how, and customer relationships) to establish A Co., Ltd. However, if the object of the contribution in kind is overvalued and excessive shares are given to the investor, it harms fairness with other financial investors and violates the principle of capital adequacy. For this reason, the Companies Act stipulates that only promoters can make in-kind contributions at the time of incorporation of a joint-stock company, and further stipulates that, as irregular incorporation matters, the articles of incorporation must state the contributors in kind, the assets to be contributed, their value, and the number of shares to be given in return (Article 28, item 1 of the Companies Act), and that an inspector must inspect the company (Article 33, Article 46, paragraph 1, items 1 and 2, Article 87, paragraph 2, Article 93, paragraph 1, items 1 and 2 of the Companies Act). Note that restrictions on in-kind contributions also exist in the case of public offering of shares, but since in-kind contributions are made after the company has already been established and has sufficient capital, the restrictions are somewhat looser than those at the time of incorporation (Article 208 of the Companies Act). [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] "Theory and Practice of Proving the Value of Assets in Kind, etc. - Corporate Law Edition" by Hideyuki Murata (2007, published by Kadensha and Kyoei Shobo) [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
株式の対価として金銭以外の財産をもってする出資(会社法28条1号)。株式会社では金銭出資を原則とするが、会社にとって必要な財産をあらかじめ確保する必要上、例外的に認められた制度である。たとえば個人企業の法人成り(節税や有限責任のメリットを享受するなどの目的から個人企業が法人格を取得して法人となること)の場合に、従来の営業をそのまま現物出資して株式会社を設立するなどにみられる。たとえば、食料品販売業を営む個人企業であるAが、食料品販売業の営業(店舗、ノウハウ、得意先関係など一定の営業目的のために組織化され有機的一体として機能する財産)を現物出資して、A株式会社を設立する場合などである。しかし、現物出資の目的物を過大評価して過当な株式を出資者に与えると、他の金銭出資者との公平を害し、資本充実の原則に反する。そのため会社法は、株式会社においては設立の際に現物出資をなしうるのは発起人に限るとし、さらに変態設立事項として、定款に現物出資者、出資の目的たる財産、その価格、それに対して与えられる株式数などを記載させ(会社法28条1号)、検査役の検査を要するものとしている(同法33条、46条1項1号・2号、87条2項、93条1項1号・2号)。なお、募集株式発行の場合にも現物出資規制が存在するが、すでに会社が成立し、資本が充実している後における現物出資なので、設立時に比べて規制は若干緩い(同法208条)。 [戸田修三・福原紀彦] 『村田英幸著『現物出資等の財産価格証明の理論と実務――会社法版』(2007・花伝社、共栄書房発売)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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