Plant hopper

Japanese: ウンカ - うんか(英語表記)plant hopper
Plant hopper

A general term for insects belonging to the Delphacidae family of the Hemiptera class of Insecta, or the Fulgoroidea superfamily, which includes the Delphacidae family. When referring to agricultural pests, planthoppers are sometimes used as a general term, including leafhoppers. Since the Meiji period, planthoppers and leafhoppers have often been given the Chinese name "Fujinshi," but this is a misuse of the Chinese name, "Fujinshi," since it refers to small, swarming Diptera insects (such as mosquitoes). There are more than 100 species of Delphacidae insects known in Japan. They are small insects, with most of them measuring around 5 mm in length. The proboscis grows from the base of the head, and the antennae are thick and short, with a single seta at the tip. The wings are made of a transparent membrane, with clear longitudinal veins. When at rest, the wings are folded up like a roof. Many species have two types of wings, macropterous and brachypterous, and are distinguished from related families by the presence of movable, claw-shaped talar spines at the tips of the hind leg tibiae.

[Tachikawa Shuji]

Types and damage

Most species of the planthopper family parasitize grasses. They pierce the plant body with their long, sharp stylets that fit inside their proboscis and absorb the sap. When on the plant, they walk around freely and sometimes jump around. They also fly, and at night they are attracted to electric lights and fly into houses. Some species are agriculturally harmful, but three species of planthopper, the white-backed planthopper, the brown planthopper, and the striated brown planthopper, have been particularly well-known as pests of rice in Japan since ancient times. In addition to the damage caused by absorbing nutrient fluid, they are also feared because they transmit viruses and phytoplasmas that cause plant diseases. In 1732 (Kyoho 17) and 1787-1788 (Tenmei 7-8), known as the Great Famine, planthopper outbreaks caused great damage to rice. Recent surveys have observed large swarms of whitebacked planthoppers and brown planthoppers moving over the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea. Until now, it was doubtful whether these two species could overwinter in Japan, but it has been discovered that they migrate long distances from overseas to Japan and become the source of outbreaks. These migrating planthoppers are macropterous and lay few eggs. On the other hand, the brachypterous types that appear after the macropterous types cannot fly, but they repeatedly lay eggs and are mainly involved in reproduction. When brown planthoppers increase in rice paddies, the damage they cause is called "tsubogare" and is characterized by being concentrated in certain areas. Unlike the previous two species, the sparse brown planthopper generally overwinters as a larva in Japan. In addition to direct damage caused by sucking sap, it also transmits the rice stripe disease virus, causing greater damage.

[Tachikawa Shuji]

Ecology

Many species of planthoppers have sound-producing organs similar to those of cicadas. Observations of the brown planthopper have revealed that male and female vibrations play an important role in mating behavior. Males vibrate in a unique pattern, which is transmitted through the plant body. Females respond to these vibrations by vibrating their abdomens. The male senses the female's vibrations and knows the direction of the female, and approaches the female while vibrating (oscillating), leading to mating. The number of times these vibrations are repeated is constant within the same species, but varies depending on the species. Therefore, there is no confusion between species. When laying eggs, they insert their well-developed ovipositor into the tissue of the midrib or leaf sheath of the leaf to lay eggs. The eggs are banana-shaped and about 1 mm in size, and are often laid in rows of several eggs. They are insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis, and the larvae become adults after molting five times. Natural enemies of planthoppers include predatory mirid bugs (formerly known as blind bugs), ground beetles, spiders, and parasitic wasps and crickets. Planthoppers parasitized by crickets swell their abdomens and live almost normally, but their reproductive organs become neutral and they lose the ability to reproduce. In addition to the Delphacidae family, there are other families named after planthoppers, such as the Spanneridae, Oryzias gracilis, Acanthodidae, and Marophytidae, but there are not as many species as the Delphacidae family.

[Tachikawa Shuji]

Control

Due to their importance as pests, the history of controlling planthoppers is long. In the Edo period, the "oil injection method" was used. This involved injecting whale oil, fish oil, rapeseed oil, etc. into rice paddies to knock off the pests, and then suffocating them by covering their bodies in oil. In the Meiji period, oil injection was used, but this was a widely used control method, along with the "scooping method" using insect nets, before the use of pesticide spraying. After the use of natural pesticides such as insecticides, synthetic insecticides have been the main method of control since World War II to the present day. The key to planthopper control is that for species whose source is overseas, it is important to place importance on forecasting the occurrence in preparation for sudden abnormal occurrences, and the emergence of resistance to the chemicals used must also be taken into consideration.

[Tachikawa Shuji]

[Reference] | Striped leaf spot | White-backed planthopper| Brown planthopper | Smaller brown planthopper | Diseases and pests

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

昆虫綱半翅(はんし)目ウンカ科Delphacidaeに属する昆虫の総称、またはウンカ科を含むビワハゴロモ上科Fulgoroideaの総称。また、農業害虫のウンカ類という場合には、ヨコバイ類まで含んで、より広く総称されることがある。なお、明治時代から、ウンカとヨコバイ類に「浮塵子(ふじんし)」という漢名をあてることが多かったが、中国でいう浮塵子は、群がる小さな双翅(そうし)目(カなど)の昆虫をさすので、誤用である。日本にはウンカ科の昆虫として100種以上が知られている。小さな昆虫で、体長5ミリメートル前後のものが多い。口吻(こうふん)は頭部の基部から生じ、触角は太くて短く、その先端に1本の剛毛を備える。はねは透明の膜質で、縦走する脈が明瞭(めいりょう)である。静止の際は、はねを屋根状に畳む。多くの種で、はねに2型が生じ、長翅型と短翅型がみられる。後脚の脛節(けいせつ)の先端に、可動の爪(つめ)形の距棘(きょし)を有することで、近縁の科から区別される。

[立川周二]

種類と被害

ウンカ科の種は、ほとんどのものがイネ科植物に寄生する。口吻の中に収まる細長く鋭い口針を、植物体に刺して汁液を吸収し生活する。植物上にあっては、自由に歩き回り、また跳びはねることもある。また、飛ぶこともあり、夜間に電灯にひかれて家屋内に飛来することがある。農業上、有害な種類が含まれるが、とくに日本のイネの害虫としてはセジロウンカ、トビイロウンカ、ヒメトビウンカの3種が古くから著名である。その被害は、養液を吸収されることに起因するほかに、植物の病気の原因となるウイルスやファイトプラズマを媒介するので恐れられる。大飢饉(ききん)として知られる1732年(享保17)、1787~1788年(天明7~8)には、ウンカ類が大発生し、イネに大害を与えたとされる。近年の調査により、セジロウンカとトビイロウンカが、大群をなして太平洋や東シナ海の上空を移動することが観察された。この2種は、これまで日本国内の越冬が疑問視されてきたが、海外から遠距離を移動して日本に飛来し、これが発生源になることが判明した。このような移動するウンカは長翅型で、その産卵数は少ない。他方、長翅型の後に出現する短翅型は、飛ぶことはできないが、産卵を繰り返して、もっぱら増殖にあずかる。トビイロウンカが水田中で増えると、その被害は「坪枯(つぼが)れ」とよばれ、一部に集中して現れる特徴がある。前2種とは異なり、ヒメトビウンカは日本では一般に幼虫で冬を越す。その被害は吸汁による直接的なものに加え、イネ縞葉枯(しまはがれ)病のウイルスを媒介するので、より大害を被ることになる。

[立川周二]

生態

ウンカ類の多くの種は、セミと同様な発音器をもつ。トビイロウンカの観察によって、雄と雌の振動が、配偶行動の重要な信号の役割を果たしていることが知られた。雄は、独特のパターンの振動をし、それが植物体を通じて伝わる。雌はその振動に応答し腹部振動をする。雄は雌の振動を感受して、雌の存在する方向を知り、雄は振動(発振)しながら雌に接近して交尾に至る。これらの振動の反復回数は、同種では一定し、種類によって異なっている。したがって、種類間で混乱することはない。産卵の際には、よく発達した産卵管を、葉の中肋(ちゅうろく)や葉鞘(ようしょう)の組織内に刺し込んで卵を産む。卵は約1ミリメートルのバナナ形で、数粒ずつ並べて産卵されることが多い。不完全変態をする昆虫であり、幼虫は5回脱皮を繰り返すと成虫となる。ウンカ類の天敵には、捕食性のカスミカメムシ(旧称メクラカメムシ)、ゴミムシ、クモ類などのほか、寄生性のハチやネジレバネ類などがいる。ネジレバネに寄生されたウンカは、腹部が膨らみ、ほぼ正常に生活するが、生殖器が中性化して生殖能力を失う。ウンカ科のほかに、ウンカの名がついた科として、ハネナガウンカ科、コガシラウンカ科、ヒシウンカ科、マルウンカ科などがあるが、ウンカ科ほど種類は多くない。

[立川周二]

防除

害虫としての重要性から、ウンカ類の防除の歴史は古い。江戸時代には「注油法」が用いられた。これは、水田に鯨油、魚油、菜種油などを注入して害虫を払い落とし、虫体を油まみれとして窒息死させるものである。明治時代には石油を注入するようになったが、捕虫網での「すくい取り法」とともに、農薬散布以前は広く用いられた防除法である。除虫菊剤などの天然農薬散布を経て、第二次世界大戦後から今日まで、合成殺虫剤防除を主として行っている。ウンカ防除の要点は、発生源が海外にある種については、突発的な異常発生に備えて発生予察を重視し、使用する薬剤に対する抵抗性の発現も考慮されなければならない。

[立川周二]

[参照項目] | 縞葉枯病 | セジロウンカ | トビイロウンカ | ヒメトビウンカ | 病虫害

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