This law aims to protect the lives, health, and property of the people by prescribing minimum standards for the site, structure, facilities, and use of buildings. It was enacted in 1950, Act No. 201, to replace the Urban Building Law (1919), and has undergone several revisions to reach its current form. The main contents are as follows: (1) In order to construct, repair, or remodel certain buildings or buildings within city planning areas or areas designated by the governor, an application for building confirmation must be made to the city, town, or village, and construction cannot begin until confirmation is received from the building official or a designated inspection agency designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism. A system of building confirmation by the building official or a designated inspection agency was established to ensure that buildings comply with the minimum standards set out in this law. When the building official or a designated inspection agency carries out building confirmation, they must obtain the consent of the fire chief or fire station chief who has jurisdiction over the location of the building from a fire prevention standpoint (Fire Service Law, Article 7). (2) The minimum standards for buildings stipulated in the Building Standards Act can be classified into so-called "individual standards" and "group standards" based on their content. Individual standards are general standards for the site, structure, and building facilities of individual buildings to ensure safety in terms of structural strength, fire prevention, evacuation, hygiene, etc., and are applied nationwide. Group standards are standards aimed at ensuring a desirable level of living environment and urban functions throughout the city, and are only applied to buildings constructed within urban planning areas. (3) The collective regulations can be broadly divided into standards for buildings, sites, and roads (the site of a building must abut a road for at least two meters, and roads must, in principle, be at least four meters wide), standards for the use and form of buildings (these stipulate the types of buildings that are not permitted to be constructed in each of the 12 use zone classifications, such as first and second class low-rise residential districts, first and second class medium- to high-rise residential districts, neighborhood commercial districts, commercial districts, and industrial districts, and also restrict the building area ratio, floor area ratio, height, etc. of buildings. When a specific administrative agency grants permission for an exception to construction within a use zone, it must hold a public hearing with the participation of interested parties and obtain the consent of the Building Review Board), and standards for fire prevention zones and quasi-fire prevention zones (buildings within these zones must have a certain level of fire resistance). (4) In order to promote the use of buildings and improve the land environment, certain areas may be designated and, with the agreement of all landowners or leaseholders for the purpose of owning buildings, a "building agreement" may be concluded that sets higher standards than those prescribed by law with regard to the site, location, structure, use, form, design, etc. of buildings. (5) Administrative authorities have the authority to issue orders to stop construction, to demolish, or to correct illegal buildings or buildings that pose a security hazard. Penalties are imposed on those who violate the orders, and administrative authorities may also carry out enforcement actions. (6) A building review board shall be established in each city, town, village, and prefecture that has a building inspector to handle requests for review of actions or inaction related to such actions taken by a specific administrative agency, the building inspector, or a designated inspection agency. [Saburo Miyata] "50 Lectures on the New Building Standards Act, edited by Arahide (1998, Yuhikaku)" ▽ "Introductory Notes on the Building Standards Act, written by Morio Sato (2001, Inoue Shoin)" ▽ "Collection of Building Standards Acts, compiled by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Housing Bureau, various editions (Architectural Institute of Japan, Maruzen)" [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
建築物の敷地、構造、設備、用途に関する最低の基準を定め、国民の生命、健康、財産の保護を図ることを目的とする法律。昭和25年法律第201号。市街地建築物法(1919)にかわるものとして制定され、数次の改正を経て現在に至っている。 おもな内容は次のとおり。 (1)一定の建築物や都市計画区域内および知事が指定する区域内の建物の建築、大規模の修繕・模様替えなどをするには、市町村などへ建築確認の申請をし、建築主事または国土交通大臣の指定を受けた指定確認検査機関の確認を受けないと工事に着工できない。建築物がこの法律の定める最低基準に適合することを確保するために、建築主事または指定確認検査機関による建築確認の制度が定められた。建築主事または指定確認検査機関が建築確認を行う場合には、防火上の観点から、その建築物の所在地を管轄する消防長または消防署長の同意を得なければならない(消防法7条)。 (2)建築基準法の定める建築物の最低基準は、その内容から、いわゆる「単体規定」と「集団規定」とに分類できる。単体規定は、個々の建築物の構造耐力上、防火・避難上、衛生上などの観点から安全性などを確保するための個々の建築物の敷地、構造、建築設備に関する一般的基準であって、全国的に適用される。集団規定は、市街地全体の生活環境や都市機能を望ましい水準に確保することを目的とした基準であって、都市計画区域内に建築される建築物についてのみ適用される。 (3)集団規定は、大別して、建築物・敷地と道路に関する基準(建築物の敷地は道路に2メートル以上接することを要し、道路は原則として幅員4メートル以上のものをいう)、建築物の用途および形態に関する基準(第1種・第2種低層住居専用地域、第1種・第2種中高層住居専用地域、近隣商業地域、商業地域、工業地域など12の用途地域区分ごとに、建築の許されない建物の種類を定め、また、建物の建坪(けんぺい)率、容積率、高さなどを制限する。特定行政庁が用途地域内で建築の例外許可を行う場合には、利害関係者の参加を求めて公開による聴聞を行い、建築審査会の同意を得なければならない)および防火地域・準防火地域の基準(この地域内での建築物は一定の耐火構造をもたねばならない)に区別できる。 (4)建築物の利用を増進し、土地の環境を改善するために、一定の区域を定め、土地の所有権者または建築物の所有を目的とした借地権者の全員の合意により、建物の敷地、位置、構造、用途、形態、意匠などに関して、法律の定める基準よりも高水準の基準を内容とする「建築協定」を締結することができる。 (5)行政庁は違反建築物や保安上危険な建物に対して、工事停止命令、除却命令、是正命令などを出すことのできる権限を有する。命令に違反する者については罰則が定められ、また行政庁は代執行をすることもできる。 (6)建築主事を置く市町村および都道府県に建築審査会が置かれ、特定行政庁または建築主事または指定確認検査機関の処分またはこれに係る不作為についての審査請求を処理する。 [宮田三郎] 『荒秀編『新建築基準法50講』(1998・有斐閣)』▽『佐藤守男著『入門 建築基準法ノート』(2001・井上書院)』▽『国土交通省住宅局編『建築基準法令集』各年版(日本建築学会・丸善)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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