Electricity-generating organ

Japanese: 発電器官 - はつでんきかん
Electricity-generating organ

An organ whose effector function is to discharge electricity. It is also called an electric organ. Electricity generation is a normal phenomenon in living organisms, but only some fish (electric fish), such as electric eels and electric rays, have electric organs. The components of an electric organ are small multinucleated plates called electric plates, each separated by a connective tissue box (electric box). A number of electric boxes are stacked on top of each other to form electric columns arranged in parallel to form an electric organ. Only one side of each electric plate, facing the same direction, is innervated, and the transmitter is acetylcholine. The mechanism of discharge is essentially the same as that of a normal excitable cell, but there are some electric fish, such as electric rays, that emit a potential by adding up synaptic potentials generated only on the nerve surface, and electric eels and electric catfish that generate action potentials. Some electric fish generate strong electricity by discharging electricity to catch food and defend against external enemies, while others use weak electromotive force to detect objects (electric field orientation) and communicate. The magnitude of the electric potential generated is largely determined by the number of electric plates stacked in series, with the nerve surface being negative. Most electric organs develop and differentiate from muscles, but the electric organ of the electric catfish is an exception, originating from the subcutaneous gland and the direction of the current is also reversed.

[Akira Murakami]

[Reference] | Electric Fish

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

効果器としての働きが放電である器官をいう。電気器官ともいう。電気発生は生体には普通の現象であるが、発電器官をもつ生物は、デンキウナギやシビレエイなど一部の魚類(電気魚)に限られる。発電器官の構成単位は電気板とよばれる多核の小板で、それぞれ結合組織の箱(電函(でんかん))で仕切られている。多数の電函が積み重なってできた電気柱がいくつも並列になって発電器官を構成する。電気板はすべて同じ方向を向いた片面のみが神経支配を受け、伝達物質はアセチルコリンである。放電の機構は、本質的には通常の興奮性細胞と変わらないが、シビレエイなどのように、神経面にのみ生じたシナプス電位が加算されて電位を発するものと、デンキウナギやシビレナマズのように活動電位を発生するものがある。発電魚には、放電が餌(えさ)の捕食や外敵の防御に役だつ強力な発電をするものと、弱い起電力を物体の探知(電場定位)や交信に使っているものがある。発生する電位の大きさは、直列に重なった電気板の数によってほぼ決まり、神経面側がマイナスとなる。電気器官は、ほとんどが筋肉から発生・分化したものであるが、シビレナマズのものは、例外的に皮下腺(せん)を起源とし、電流の方向も逆である。

[村上 彰]

[参照項目] | 電気魚

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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