A position that only phenomena can be known, and that it is impossible to know the thing-in-itself. Opposed to realism. There are several trends. (1) An objective, idealist tendency that does not deny that there are things-in-itself beyond the phenomena, represented by Plato, Plotinus, Schopenhauer, J. Herbart, and R. Lotze. (2) Kant's critical tendency, a so-called cognitively critical position that distinguishes the world of phenomena from the world of knowledge and considers the reality of phenomena. (3) An empiricist tendency that does not recognize the existence of things-in-itself or entities, but only recognizes the knowledge of phenomena, represented by D. Hume, E. Mach, and A. Comte. In modern times, the tendency of (3) is being reevaluated by logical positivism and operationalism. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
現象だけが認識可能であり,物自体の認識を不可能とする立場。実在論に対する。いくつかの傾向がある。 (1) 現象のかなたに物自体のあることを否定しない客観的,観念論的傾向で,プラトン,プロチノス,ショーペンハウアー,J.ヘルバルト,R.ロッツェなどに代表される。 (2) カントの批判主義的傾向で,いわゆる認識批判的に現象界を叡智界から区別し,現象の実在性を考察する立場。 (3) 物自体ないし実体の存在を認めず,現象の認識だけを認める経験主義的傾向で,D.ヒューム,E.マッハ,A.コントなどに代表される。現代では,(3) の傾向が論理実証主義や操作主義 operationalismによって再評価されている。
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