Cacao - kakao (English spelling) cacao

Japanese: カカオ - かかお(英語表記)cacao
Cacao - kakao (English spelling) cacao

An evergreen tall tree of the Sterculiaceae family (APG classification: Malvaceae). Native to Central and South America. It is 4-10 meters tall and has many branches that spread almost horizontally. The leaves are oblong, 20-30 cm long and 7-10 cm wide, with short petioles and alternate growth. The flowers grow in clusters directly on the trunk and thick branches, and are small with reddish-brown stripes on a yellow background. They bloom and bear fruit one after another throughout the year. The fruit is a spindle-shaped capsule about 30 cm long with longitudinal grooves and bumps on the surface, initially green-white, then ripens to red, yellow, orange, purple, etc. The inside is divided into five chambers and contains 20-30 seeds covered in white mucus.

When the seeds are soaked in water to ferment and then dried, they take on a reddish color and release a distinctive fragrance. These are called cocoa beans. The cocoa beans are roasted, crushed, shelled, and ground into cocoa paste. This is pressed to extract cocoa butter, and the residue is cocoa. Sweet chocolate is made by kneading the cocoa paste with cocoa butter, sugar, starch, flavorings, etc. Cocoa butter is also used as a raw material for cosmetics, flavorings, and medicines. Cocoa contains about 1% of an alkaloid called theobromine, but its stimulating effect is milder than that of caffeine, so cocoa is virtually harmless for children and sick people to drink.

It prefers fertile sloping land in a hot and humid climate with temperatures above 28°C and an annual rainfall of about 2,500 mm, and is limited to specific regions within 20 degrees north and south latitude on either side of the equator. It is propagated by seeds, and can usually be harvested from the fourth year, with each mature tree producing 70 to 80 fruits per year. The main producing areas are Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia.

[Hoshikawa Kiyochika April 17, 2020]

Cultural history

Wild species are distributed in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins, but they were also cultivated in Central America before the arrival of Columbus, and in Mexico, seeds produced in the Yucatan Peninsula were sent to the Aztec regions of the Mexican highlands, where they were consumed and used as a substitute for currency. Columbus introduced cacao to Europe in 1494. By 1680, it had been in the Philippines, and it spread to tropical Asia. Cacao beans have been produced in America since the 19th century.

[Hiroshi Yuasa April 17, 2020]

[References] | Cocoa | Chocolate
Cacao fruit
The inside is divided into five chambers, each containing 20 to 30 seeds. They start out greenish-white, then ripen to red, yellow, orange, or purple. The seeds are soaked in water, fermented, and dried to become cacao beans, which are the raw material for cocoa and chocolate. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose ">

Cacao fruit

Cacao flower
They grow in clusters from the trunk and thick branches, and bloom one after another all year round. ©Seishohmaru ">

Cacao flower


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アオギリ科(APG分類:アオイ科)の常緑高木。中南米原産。樹高4~10メートル、多くの枝を水平に近く張る。葉は長さ20~30センチメートル、幅7~10センチメートルの長楕円(ちょうだえん)形で、短い葉柄があり互生する。花は、幹および太い枝に直接房状に多数つき、小輪で黄色地に赤褐色の線条があり、一年中次々と開き、結実する。果実は長さ約30センチメートルの紡錘形の蒴果(さくか)で、表面に縦溝とこぶがあり、初め緑白色で、のちに赤、黄、橙(だいだい)、紫などに熟す。内部は5室に分かれ、白い粘状物で覆われた種子が20~30個ある。

 種子を水につけて発酵させてから干すと赤みを帯び、特有の芳香が出る。これをカカオ豆という。カカオ豆を培煎(ばいせん)し、砕いて殻を除き、すりつぶしてカカオペーストにする。これを圧搾するとカカオバターがとれ、搾りかすがココアである。カカオペーストにカカオバター、砂糖、デンプン、香料などを加えて練り上げるとスイートチョコレートができる。カカオバターはまた化粧品、香料、医薬品の原料にも用いる。カカオにはテオブロミンというアルカロイドが1%程度含まれるが、その刺激興奮作用はカフェインよりは穏やかで、ココアは子供や病人が飲用してもほとんど害がない。

 栽培は、気温28℃以上、年降水量2500ミリメートル程度の高温多湿な気候で、肥沃(ひよく)な傾斜地を好み、赤道を挟んで南・北緯20度内の特定の地域に限定される。繁殖は種子により、普通は4年目から収穫でき、成樹1樹当り年間70~80果が得られる。主産地はコートジボワール、ガーナ、インドネシアである。

[星川清親 2020年4月17日]

文化史

野生種はアマゾンやオリノコ川の流域に分布するが、コロンブスの到着以前に中央アメリカでも栽培下にあり、メキシコではユカタン半島で生産された種子が、メキシコ高原のアステカ人の地域に送られ、飲用され、貨幣の代用に使われた。ヨーロッパには1494年、コロンブスが伝えた。1680年までにフィリピンにもたらされ、熱帯アジアにも広がった。アメリカでカカオ豆が生産されるのは、19世紀以降である。

[湯浅浩史 2020年4月17日]

[参照項目] | ココア | チョコレート
カカオの果実
内部は5室に分かれ、20~30個の種子が入っている。初めは緑白色で、赤、黄、橙、紫色などに熟する。種子を水につけ発酵させて干したものをカカオ豆といい、ココアやチョコレートなどの原料となる©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏">

カカオの果実

カカオの花
幹および太い枝から房状に生じ、一年中次々と開く©Seishohmaru">

カカオの花


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