Generally, it means restoring to the legal or factual state (original state) that would have existed if a certain fact had not occurred, but in the Civil Code, in the case of termination of a contract or tort, it means restoring the other party to the original state before the contract or tort occurred. The contents of restoration of the original state as an effect of terminating a contract (Civil Code Article 545) are as follows. If something has been provided, the thing itself must be returned, and if money has been provided, it must be returned with interest from the time of receipt. If labor or the use of an object has been provided, the objective value at the time of receipt of that provision must be returned. And if there has been damage in the above cases, compensation for damages may still be sought. Restoration of the status quo as an effect of a tort is recognized in the German and French civil codes, but the Japanese civil code adopts the principle of monetary compensation (Articles 417 and 722, paragraph 1), and therefore it is generally believed that restoration of the status quo as an effect of a tort is not recognized. However, measures to restore reputation in cases of defamation (such as an apology advertisement; Article 723 of the same code) can be seen as a type of restoration of the status quo. The Mining Act, while adopting monetary compensation as a rule, provides that restoration of the status quo may be ordered in certain cases (Article 111, paragraph 3 of the Mining Act). [Takahisa Awaji] Restoration under international lawRestoration refers to restoring the state of affairs that would have existed if an internationally illegal act had not been committed. For example, when a domestic law that violates international law is enacted, repealing that domestic law, releasing foreigners arrested without reason, returning those illegally taken from a foreign country, returning foreign property that was illegally confiscated, and withdrawing troops from foreign territory that was illegally occupied are all examples of restitution. Restoration is the basic form of releasing a state's responsibility based on an internationally illegal act, and the state that committed the illegal act is obligated to restore the state of affairs, except in cases where it is absolutely impossible or the sacrifices would be disproportionately large according to accepted social standards. [Yasuo Ishimoto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般には、ある事実が生じなかったならば本来あったであろう法律上または事実上の状態(原状)に戻すことをいうが、民法上は、契約解除または不法行為の場合において、契約または不法行為がなかった元の状態に相手方を回復させることをいう。 契約解除の効果としての原状回復(民法545条)の内容は次のとおりである。物が給付されている場合には、現物を返還しなければならず、金銭が給付されている場合には、受領のときから利息をつけて返還しなければならない。労務ないし物の利用などが給付されている場合には、その給付を受領したときの客観的価格を返還しなければならない。そうして、以上の場合において損害があれば、なお損害賠償を求めうる。 不法行為の効果としての原状回復はドイツ民法やフランス民法では認められているが、日本の民法では金銭賠償の原則がとられており(民法417条・722条1項)、したがって不法行為の効果としての原状回復は認められない、という一般の見解がある。ただし、名誉毀損(きそん)の場合の名誉回復処分(謝罪広告など。同法723条)は一種の原状回復とみることもできる。なお、鉱業法は金銭賠償を原則としつつ、一定の場合には、原状回復を命じることができるとしている(鉱業法111条3項)。 [淡路剛久] 国際法上の原状回復国際法上の違法行為が行われなかったとすれば存在したであろう状態を回復すること。たとえば、国際法に違反する国内法が制定されたとき、この国内法を廃止すること、理由なく逮捕した外国人を釈放すること、違法に外国から連行した者を帰還させること、不法に没収した外国人財産を返還すること、不法に占領した外国領域から軍隊を撤退せしめることなどは、いずれも原状回復である。原状回復は、国際違法行為に基づく国家責任の解除の基本的形態であり、それが絶対的に不可能であるか、または社会通念からみて犠牲が不均衡に大きい場合を除き、違法行為を行った国は原状回復の義務を負うとされる。 [石本泰雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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