Open market operations, also called open market operations, are a policy measure in which a central bank buys and sells bills and bonds in the financial and bond markets to increase or decrease banks' cash reserves and affect market interest rates, thereby adjusting banks' credit activities and the money supply. When the central bank buys bills or bonds, it is called a buying operation, and when it sells them, it is called a selling operation. A buying operation increases banks' cash reserves and acts to expand credit, while a selling operation decreases banks' cash reserves and acts to contract credit. Comparing buying operations and central bank lending as a means of supplying cash reserves, central bank lending is carried out in response to borrowing demand from commercial banks, while buying operations are carried out at the initiative of the central bank in terms of timing, amount, and conditions, making them more proactive and flexible in terms of policy effects. Japan has a long history of open market operations, but they were not fully implemented until after 1932 (Showa 7). After the Manchurian Incident, the majority of government bonds were issued underwritten by the Bank of Japan, which resulted in huge amounts of fiscal funds being dispersed to the private sector, so the Bank of Japan actively conducted selling operations of the government bonds it had underwritten in order to prevent inflation. After World War II, from November 1962 (Showa 37), the Bank of Japan began to actively conduct buying operations of bonds (mainly government-guaranteed bonds) instead of the traditional Bank of Japan lending, as a so-called new monetary adjustment method. After that, government bonds were issued and became the target securities for operations, and operations were also conducted for bills and various other short-term market securities. Government bond operations were mainly conducted to meet the private sector's growing demand for cash as the economy grew, and bill operations were conducted for short-term adjustment of the financial market. In addition, the Bank of Japan has conducted sales operations of Bank of Japan bills issued (sales bills) and short-term government securities held by the Bank, particularly in order to absorb surplus funds in the market, and has also conducted commercial paper operations to ensure diversification of market funds. [Sadao Ishida] [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オープン・マーケット・オペレーションopen market operationともいい、中央銀行が金融市場や債券市場に対して手形や債券を売買して、銀行の現金準備を増減させ、また市場金利に影響を与えて、ひいては銀行の与信活動、通貨供給量を調節する政策手段をいう。中央銀行が手形や債券を買う場合を買い操作(買いオペレーション)、逆に売る場合を売り操作(売りオペレーション)という。買いオペレーションは銀行の現金準備の増加となり信用拡大的に働き、売りオペレーションは反対に銀行の現金準備の減少となり信用収縮的に作用する。ところで、現金準備の供給手段としての買いオペレーションと中央銀行貸出とを比較すると、中央銀行貸出は市中銀行の借入需要を受けて行われるのに対して、買いオペレーションは時期、金額、条件について中央銀行のイニシアティブによって実施される点で、政策効果としてはより積極的、弾力的である。 日本での公開市場操作の歴史は古いが、本格的に実施されたのは1932年(昭和7)以降のことである。すなわち、満州事変以降、国債の大部分が日本銀行引受けによって発行され、これによって巨額の財政資金が民間に散布されたので、日本銀行はインフレの発生を防ぐため、引き受けた国債の売りオペレーションを積極的に行った。第二次世界大戦後では、1962年(昭和37)11月以降、日本銀行はいわゆる新金融調節方式として、従来の日本銀行貸出にかえて債券(おもに政府保証債)の買いオペレーションを活発に行うようになった。その後、国債が発行されてオペレーションの対象証券となり、さらに手形その他各種の短期市場証券のオペレーションも行われるようになった。国債オペレーションは、おもに経済成長に伴って増大する民間の現金需要に対応するために行われ、手形オペレーションは、金融市場の短期的調整のために行われている。そのほか日本銀行は、とくに市場の余剰資金を吸収するために、日本銀行振出手形(売出手形)や日本銀行保有の政府短期証券の売りオペレーションを、また市場資金の調整の多様化を確保するために、CP(コマーシャルペーパー)オペレーションなども行ってきた。 [石田定夫] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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