A set of chromosomes that contains genes necessary for the life functions of an organism. The basic number of chromosomes that make up a genome is unique to each species, and no two genomes are homologous. If one genome is represented by A, then diploid cells are generally represented by AA, since they contain two genomes, and reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) are represented by A, since they contain one genome through meiosis. Higher polyploid organisms contain more than one genome. The term genome was given by Winkler in 1920 to a set of half (haploid) chromosomes. Kihara Hitoshi, who conducted cytogenetic research on wheat from 1930 to 1950, further expanded the concept and defined genome as follows: "A genome is a set of chromosomes, the chromosomes that make up this set cooperate to provide a complete living environment and life phenomena, and are a unit that responds to evolution." Genome analysis is the process of clarifying the structure of an organism's genome, the relationship between genomes and genes, the evolution of genomes, the origin of species, and the evolutionary process. The theory of genome analysis was established by Kihara. In other words, (1) there are corresponding homologous chromosomes between homologous genomes. (2) In organisms with two homologous genomes, the homologous chromosomes join during meiosis to form a bivalent chromosome, but in interspecies hybrids, there are no homologous chromosomes, so no bivalent chromosomes are formed. These two theories are the basis of genome analysis. [Toshihide Yoshida] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物の生活機能を営むうえで必要な遺伝子を含む1組の染色体。ゲノムを構成する染色体の基本数は生物の種によって固有で、1ゲノムの中には相同の染色体は含まれていない。一つのゲノムをAで表すと、一般に二倍性の細胞は二つのゲノムを含むからAAとなり、生殖細胞(卵子と精子)は減数分裂によって一つのゲノムを含むのでAで表される。高倍数性の生物では二つ以上のゲノムが含まれている。ゲノムという用語は1920年にウィンクラーが半数(ハプロイド)の染色体の1組に与えたものである。さらに、1930~1950年にわたるコムギの細胞遺伝学的研究を行った木原均(きはらひとし)は、その概念を拡張してゲノムを次のように定義した。「ゲノムは染色体の1組であって、これを構成する染色体が協力して完全な生活環境および生活現象を営み、かつ進化に応ずる単位である」。生物のゲノムの構成を明らかにし、ゲノムと遺伝子との関係、ゲノムの変遷、種の由来および進化過程を明らかにすることをゲノム分析とよぶ。ゲノム分析の理論は木原によって確立された。すなわち、(1)相同のゲノムの間には対応する相同の染色体が存在する。(2)相同の二つのゲノムをもつ生物では、減数分裂において相同染色体間に接合がおこり二価染色体が形成されるが、異種間雑種では相同染色体がないので二価染色体は形成されない。これら二つの理論がゲノム分析の根拠となっている。 [吉田俊秀] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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