Flower crown - Kakan

Japanese: 花冠 - かかん
Flower crown - Kakan

The inner ring of the perianth in heterophylla flowers is called the corolla. It is usually larger than the outer ring (sepals) and contains pigments such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and carotenoids, and comes in colors such as red, purple, blue, yellow, orange, and white. Many are also shiny, and attract insects that transmit pollination. Many flowers are not solidly colored, but have stripes or patterns that increase their effectiveness at attracting insects and helping to guide them inward. Some insects, like bees, can distinguish areas that absorb ultraviolet light, and some flowers appear solid color to the human eye but have stripes or patterns that absorb ultraviolet light.

The leaves that make up the corolla are called petals. A corolla is one in which the individual petals are separate, while a corolla is one in which the petals are fused to one another to a varying degree, forming at least a cup-like or tubular shape at the lower part. The corolla is considered to be in a more evolved state than the corolla of the polypetalous flower.

In polypetalous corollas, like Yamazakura, the petals are often the same shape and size and radially symmetrical, but there are also some like beans and violets where not all the petals are the same shape and size and are bilaterally symmetrical. The corollas of most legumes are called butterfly-shaped corollas, and of the five petals, the upper one is the largest and is called the standard petal, the side pair are thin and called wing petals, and the lower pair are boat-shaped and meet in parallel and are called boat petals or keel petals.

The gamopetalous corolla is distinguished by a narrow tube at the bottom and a broader side at the top. Radiately symmetrical gamopetalous corollas include bell-shaped corollas with equal-sized lobes at the sides, such as in bellflowers and bellflowers, funnel-shaped corollas with no lobes, such as in morning glories, and urn-shaped corollas with a bulging tube, such as in andromeda and bilberries. Bilaterally symmetrical corollas include labiata, which have an upper lip with two lobes and a lower lip with three lobes, such as in perilla and salvia. The pouch-shaped corolla seen in buttercup and the mask-shaped corolla seen in bladderwort are specialized forms of labiata.

[Michio Tamura]

Corolla
©Shogakukan ">

Corolla

Corolla
©Shogakukan ">

Corolla


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

異花被花(いかひか)における花被の内輪を花冠という。普通は外輪(萼(がく))よりも大きく、アントシアン、フラボノイド、カロチノイドなどの色素を含んで赤、紫、青、黄、橙(だいだい)、白などの色をもち、また、光沢があるものが多く、花粉を媒介する昆虫を誘引する。多くの花は単色ではなく、条(すじ)や紋様があって昆虫の誘引効果を高め、内部への誘導を助けている。昆虫にはハチの仲間のように紫外線の吸収部を識別できるものがあり、花にも、人間の目には単色に見えても、紫外線吸収部の条や紋様のあるものもある。

 花冠を構成している花葉(かよう)は花弁とよばれる。1枚1枚の花弁が離生しているものを離弁花冠、いろいろな程度に合着して、少なくとも下部が杯(さかずき)状または筒状になっているものを合弁花冠といい、合弁花冠は離弁花冠よりも進化した状態であると考えられている。

 離弁花冠では、ヤマザクラのように、1枚1枚の花弁が同形同大で、放射相称になっているものが多いが、マメの類やスミレのように、すべての花弁が同形同大ではなく、左右相称になっているものもある。大部分のマメ科植物の花冠は蝶形(ちょうけい)花冠とよばれ、5枚の花弁のうち上部の1枚は最大で旗弁(きべん)、側方の1対は細くて翼弁(よくべん)、下方の1対は舟形になって平行に接し舟弁(ふなべん)または竜骨弁(りゅうこつべん)とよばれる。

 合弁花冠は、下方の狭くなった筒部と上方の広がった舷部(げんぶ)とに区別される。放射相称の合弁花冠には、キキョウ、ツリガネニンジンのように舷部が同形同大の裂片に分かれた鐘形花冠、アサガオのように裂片に分かれない漏斗(ろうと)状花冠、アセビ、コケモモのように筒部が膨らんだ壺(つぼ)形花冠などがある。左右相称のものにはシソやサルビアのように2裂片よりなる上唇と、3裂片よりなる下唇に分かれた唇形(しんけい)花冠がある。キンチャクソウにみられるきんちゃく状花冠、タヌキモにみられる仮面状花冠などは唇形花冠の特殊化したものである。

[田村道夫]

離弁花冠
©Shogakukan">

離弁花冠

合弁花冠
©Shogakukan">

合弁花冠


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