Apollo - Apollon (English spelling) Apollōn

Japanese: アポロン - あぽろん(英語表記)Apollōn
Apollo - Apollon (English spelling) Apollōn

In Greek mythology, he is the god of light, medicine, archery, poetry, music, prophecy, and livestock. His Latin name is Apollo. His mother Leto was loved by Zeus, but to escape the jealousy of Zeus' wife Hera, she gave birth to twin brothers Apollo and Artemis on the island of Delos. When Zeus learned of Apollo's birth, he gave his son a golden hat, a lyre, and a chariot pulled by swans. Apollo, who was raised by the goddess Themis, grew into a fine young man within a few days of his birth, and set off in his chariot, armed, for the land of Hyperboreans. After staying in the far north for a year, he moved to Delphi in Greece, where he killed a giant snake called Pithon that was born from the earth. To commemorate this, he founded the Pythian Games, but then he took Themis' oracle for himself and dedicated a tripod to his temple. This tripod was one of Apollo's symbols, and the Delphic priestess Pythia sat on it to deliver oracles. While listening to the Delphic people's hymn to Apollo, the "Paean," which celebrated the god's victory and occupation of the temple, Apollo set off north to the Tempe Valley to purify himself of the impurity of killing the serpent. After that, a festival called the Septeria was held every eight years to commemorate the god's victory and journey of purification. When Hercules came to Delphi to seek an oracle, he committed mayhem in the temple after being refused. Apollo then fought the hero, and the fight was ruled a draw after Zeus mediated.

Apollo is the god of beautiful young men, and so there are many stories of his love. He gave birth to Aristaeus from the nymph Cyrene, Asclepius from Coronis, the muses Thalia and Corybas, and the musicians Linus and Orpheus from Urania. Hecuba, wife of the Trojan king Priam, also fell in love with Apollo and gave birth to Troilus, and it is said that the prophet Mopsus was the son of Apollo and Manto. Apollo also fell in love with beautiful boys such as Hyacinthus and Cyparissus. According to legend, only Daphne rejected Apollo's advances and was transformed into a laurel tree. Apollo underwent many trials, including one when he conspired with Poseidon, Hera, and Athena to bind Zeus and hang him in the air, only to incur Zeus' wrath. As a result, he was tasked with building the walls of Troy together with Poseidon, and was made a servant of Admetus as punishment for killing Cyclopes and others.

Apollo is also called "Phoeboth" as the god of light and is sometimes identified with the sun, because he was a symbol of intelligence and culture for the Greeks and later the Romans.

[Masahiro Ogawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ギリシア神話の光明、医術、弓術、詩歌、音楽、預言、家畜の神。ラテン名はアポロ。母レトはゼウスの愛を受けたが、ゼウスの妻ヘラの嫉妬(しっと)を逃れてアポロンとアルテミスの双子の兄弟をデロス島で出産した。ゼウスはアポロンの誕生を知ると、息子に金の帽子と竪琴(たてごと)と白鳥の引く車を与えた。女神テミスに養育されたアポロンは、誕生後数日にしてりっぱな青年に成長し、武具に身を固めて戦車でヒペルボレオイの国へ旅立った。北の果てに1年間滞在したのち、ギリシアのデルフォイへ移り、そこで大地から生まれたピトンとよばれる大蛇を殺した。それを記念して、ピティア祭競技を創始したが、ついで彼はテミスの神託を自己のものとし、三脚台を神殿に捧(ささ)げた。この三脚台はアポロンのシンボルの一つで、デルフォイの巫女(みこ)ピティアがその上に座して神託を告げた。神の勝利と神殿の占有をたたえたデルフォイ住民の「パイアン」というアポロン賛歌を聞きながら、アポロンは大蛇殺しの穢(けがれ)を清めるために北方のテンペの谷へ向かった。そののち、神の勝利と清めの旅を記念して、セプテリアという祭りが8年ごとに行われたという。やがてデルフォイに神託を求めにきたヘラクレスは、それを拒否されたために神殿で狼藉(ろうぜき)を働くが、このときアポロンはこの英雄と闘い、ゼウスの仲裁で引分けとされた。

 アポロンは美しい青年の神であり、したがってその恋の物語も数多い。ニンフのキレネからはアリスタイオスを、コロニスからはアスクレピオスを、ムーサのタレイアからはコリバスたちを、そしてウラニアからは音楽家リノスとオルフェウスを得ている。トロヤ王プリアモスの后(きさき)ヘカベもアポロンを恋してトロイロスを生み、また、預言者モプソスもアポロンとマントとの子と伝えられる。アポロンは、さらにヒアキントスやキパリソスといった美少年との恋も経験している。伝承によれば、ダフネだけがアポロンの求愛を拒否して月桂樹に変身したという。アポロンは幾たびか試練を経験しているが、そのなかでもポセイドン、ヘラ、アテネと謀ってゼウスを縛り、空中につり下げようと試みたが、かえってゼウスの怒りに触れ、ポセイドンとともにトロヤの城壁を築く役目を与えられたり、キクロペスらを殺した罰でアドメトスの下僕にされた話などが有名である。

 またアポロンは、光の神として「フォイボス」ともよばれ、ときには太陽と同一視されるが、これはアポロンがギリシア人、さらにその後のローマ人にとっても知性と文化の象徴であったことによる。

[小川正広]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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