Economics

Japanese: 経済学 - けいざいがく

In a broad sense, it is a social science discipline that investigates the laws of production and distribution of material goods at each stage of the development of human society. It is usually interpreted in a narrow sense as the discipline that investigates the economic laws of capitalist society. Economics as a system was born in England, where capitalism developed early on. The classical school sought the standard of value in labor, but failed to derive profit from equivalent exchange. Marxist economics, which critically inherited this, explored the secret of profit, and therefore capital, in the value of commodities, revealing the laws of surplus value production, and based on these laws, investigated the movement of prices and capital, arguing that society will collapse when the conflict between capital and labor becomes an obstacle to the productive forces of society. On the other hand, after the marginal utility school (Austrian school), which explains the economic phenomena of production and buying and selling from the subjective utility of individuals, was criticized for being impossible to objectively measure utility, modern economics was born, such as the Lausanne school, which abandoned utility or value theory and developed theories of equilibrium and economic development from combinations of goods quantities, prices, income, etc., and the neoclassical school, which analyzes trends in income, investment, etc. from the psychological tendencies of society and advocates the correction and development of capitalism. The Marxist school and the modern school are the two major trends in economics today, with the former characterized by the investigation of the essence and the latter characterized by the elucidation of phenomena. Depending on the subject, they are divided into specific theories such as the principles of economics, monetary theory, and financial theory, economic history, and economic policy studies.
→ Related topics Behavioral science

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

広義では，人間社会の各発展段階における物質的財貨の生産と分配の法則を窮める社会科学系の学問。普通は，資本主義社会の経済法則を窮める学問と狭義に解される。体系としての経済学は早くから資本主義の発達した英国に生まれた。その古典派は価値の基準を労働に求めたが，等価交換から利潤を導出することに失敗した。これを批判的に継承したマルクス経済学は利潤，したがって資本の秘密を商品の価値の中に探って剰余価値生産の法則を明らかにし，この法則をもとに価格や資本の運動を窮め，資本と労働の対立関係が社会の生産力の障害と化するに至ってこの社会は崩壊すると説く。他方，生産や売買の経済現象を個人の主観的効用から説明する限界効用学派（オーストリア学派）が効用の客観的測定不可能と批判されたあと，効用または価値論を捨てて財貨数量，価格，所得等の組合せから経済現象の均衡理論や経済発展の理論を展開するローザンヌ学派，さらに社会の心理的性向から所得，投資等の傾向を分析して資本主義の修正発展を説く新古典派等の近代経済学が生まれた。マルクス学派と近代学派は今日の経済学の二大潮流をなすが，前者は本質究明に，後者は現象解明にそれぞれ特色を示す。対象により，原論・貨幣論・金融論等の各論，経済史，経済政策学等に分かれる。
→関連項目行動科学

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