Film censorship

Japanese: 映画検閲 - えいがけんえつ

Ever since the 1894 Edison film The Dance of Fatima was marked with a line where the navel was visible because it was deemed obscene, film censorship has been primarily carried out for the reasons of (1) offending public order and morals, and (2) politically dangerous ideas. (1) is particularly concerned with sex and violence, while (2) is often concerned with language. According to The World Cinema Encyclopedia (1972), edited by Roger Manvel, there are three types of regulatory bodies for film censorship: (1) government agencies (national or local), (2) religious organizations, and (3) the film industry itself. In reality, (1) is primarily for political or ideological reasons, (2) is for purely ethical reasons such as blasphemy or insult to the church, and (3) is a public self-regulatory body established by the film industry to protect itself against external interference such as (1) and (2).

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

1894年のエジソン映画《ファティーマ嬢の腰振りダンス》が，わいせつとの理由で〈おへその見える〉部分に線が入れられて以来，映画検閲は主として，(1)公序良俗を害する，(2)政治的に危険思想とみなされる，という理由で行われてきたことはいうまでもない。(1)の対象はとくに性と暴力，(2)の対象はことばである場合が多い。ロジャー･マンベル監修《世界映画百科》(1972)によれば，映画検閲の規制機関には，(1)行政機関(国家あるいは地方自治体)，(2)宗教団体，(3)映画産業自体と3種類あるが，(1)はとくに政治的，思想的な理由，(2)は神への冒瀆（ぼうとく）や教会への侮辱とかいった純粋に倫理的な理由，そして(1)，(2)のような外部からの干渉に対して映画産業が自衛するために，(3)の公的自主規制機関を設けているというのが実情である。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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