In capitalist society, the collection of surplus labor is mediated by the buying and selling of the commodity known as labor power, that is, the laws of commodity exchange (economic laws), but in feudal society before capitalism, labor power was not commodified, so the collection of surplus labor was not mediated by the laws of commodity exchange. In feudal society, the medium through which surplus labor was collected was extra-economic coercion. That is, in feudal society, the ruler, the lord, possesses various lordly rights as the superior owner of the whole of his estate, while the peasants, the direct producers, are the owners of a certain amount of land (subordinate owners) and reproduce themselves by managing their land with their own labor. In this way, when the peasants, the direct producers, are inseparably linked to the means of production, if the lord tries to collect the peasants' surplus labor as feudal rent, he has no choice but to exercise his lordly rights, which are extra-economic coercive forces. Therefore, in feudal society, extra-economic coercion in the form of feudal rights and obligations mediates the collection of surplus labor. Although this coercive force may appear as direct violence, it often appears as a certain custom based on feudal status regulations, and the lord's jurisdiction gives legal guarantee to this coercive force. [Tadaki Otsuka] "The Structure of the Civil Revolution" by Kohachiro Takahashi (1950, Ochanomizu Shobo)" ▽ "Kapital by Marx, Volume 3, Part 6, Chapter 47 (translated by Itsuro Mukaizaka, Iwanami Bunko / translated by Jiro Okazaki, Otsuki Shoten, Kokumin Bunko)" [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
資本主義社会においては、剰余労働の収取は、労働力という商品の売買、つまり商品交換の法則性(経済法則)を媒介として行われるが、資本主義以前の封建社会においては、労働力が商品化されていないので、剰余労働の収取は商品交換の法則性によって媒介されることがない。封建社会において剰余労働の収取を媒介するものが経済外的強制である。 すなわち、封建社会においては、支配者たる領主は、その所領の全体に対する上級所有権者として各種の領主的諸権利を所持しているが、直接生産者たる農民は、それぞれ、一定の広さの土地の保有者(下級所有権者)であり、その保有地を自己の労働に基づいて経営することによって自己を再生産している。このように、直接生産者たる農民が事実上その生産手段と不可分に結合している場合には、領主が農民の剰余労働を封建地代として収取しようとすれば、領主は、その領主的諸権利という、経済外的な強制力を発動するほかはない。したがって、封建社会においては、封建的な権利・義務の関係という形をとった経済外的強制が剰余労働の収取を媒介しているのである。その強制力は、直接の暴力として現れる場合もあるが、多くは、封建的身分規定に基づく一定の慣習として現れ、領主裁判権がその強制力に法的な保障を与えることになる。 [遅塚忠躬] 『高橋幸八郎著『市民革命の構造』(1950・御茶の水書房)』▽『マルクス著『資本論』第3巻第6編第47章(向坂逸郎訳・岩波文庫/岡崎次郎訳・大月書店・国民文庫)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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