Kuroda-so

This manor was located in the Nabari Basin in the southern part of Iga Province (Nabari City, Mie Prefecture) and was the property of Todaiji Temple. Its origins lie in the Itabae no Soma, which was donated by imperial decree to Todaiji Temple in the mid-8th century. In 1034 (Chogen 7), the four districts of Itabae no Soma were tentatively established, and residents and woodcutters were exempt from temporary miscellaneous duties. In 1038 (Choreki 2), more than six cho of farmland within the district was exempt from tax, and the number of woodcutters exempt from temporary miscellaneous duties was set at 50. After that, farmers living in the imperial domain began to campaign to become manors, or yoryu-do, in the broad sense of the word, in order to avoid the taxes levied by the provincial government. The kokushi and provincial government counterattacked, leading to armed conflict between the provincial government and the manors, and in 1056 (Tenki 4), the four-street sign was redrawn, and the area of ​​Kuroda Manor was limited to the west side of the Uda River. However, this made the western part of the river a firm manor, and Kuroda Honjo was established, covering 25 cho and 8 dan of honmen (rice fields). With this as a base, manors began to be sold as yoryu-do and citizens became yoryu-do, and an extensive yoryu-do area developed in the imperial domain on the east bank of the Uda River. Todaiji Temple established a ruling organization by appointing manor officials such as Geshi and Kumon in the early 12th century, and further acquired private lordship over the public territories of Yagawa and Nakamura in the eastern part of the river, and built Shinjo on this foundation in 1133 (Chosho 2). Eventually, thanks to the efforts of Azukaridokoro Kakunin, known as the "bad monk of Nanjing," who expelled Nabari Gunji Minamoto Toshikata, Todaiji Temple succeeded in making Kuroda Honjo, Desaku, and Shinjo Ichien Fuyu its temple land in 1174 (Joan 4).

From the late Kamakura period to the Northern and Southern Courts period, Kuroda Manor saw the emergence of several villains who rebelled against the manor's lord, Todaiji Temple. Their acts, such as tax collection and street violence, had a decadent side, and they were repeatedly defeated, but there is no doubt that they dealt a major blow to Todaiji Temple's control over Kuroda Manor. In 1439 and 1440 (Eikyō 11 and 12), the payment of taxes was made underground in Kuroda Honjo and Shinjo, clearly indicating the growth of the manor's citizens and the decline of Todaiji Temple's control over the manor. Then, in the Sengoku period, the Iga Sokoku Ikki occurred around 1566 (Eiroku 9), and the name of Kuroda Manor gradually disappeared from the Todaiji Temple documents.

[Hideo Kuroda]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

伊賀(いが)国南部の名張(なばり)盆地（三重県名張市）に存在した東大寺領の荘園(しょうえん)。8世紀中葉、東大寺に勅施入(ちょくせにゅう)された板蠅杣(いたばえのそま)に淵源(えんげん)をもつ。1034年（長元7）に板蠅杣の四至(しいし)がいちおう確定され、住人、杣工(そまく)の臨時雑役(ぞうやく)免除が認められ、1038年（長暦2）には、四至内の見作田(げんさくでん)6町余が不輸租とされ、臨時雑役を免除された杣工が50人と定められた。それ以後、公領に住む農民たちは、国衙(こくが)の課役を逃れる目的で種々の因縁によって、広い意味での荘民すなわち寄人(よりゅうど)になろうと運動し始める。これに対する国司(こくし)・国衙側の反撃によって国衙側と荘民との間に武力衝突が起き、1056年（天喜4）には四至牓示(ぼうじ)が打ち直され、黒田荘の荘域は宇陀(うだ)川の西側に限定される。しかし、これによって河西部が確固たる荘園となり、本免田25町8段半の黒田本荘が成立したのである。この本荘を基地に、荘民の出作(でづくり／しゅっさく)と公民の寄人化が進行し、宇陀川東岸の公領に広範な出作地帯が展開する。東大寺は、12世紀初頭には下司(げし)・公文(くもん)などの荘官を置いて支配組織を整備し、さらに河東部の公領矢川(やがわ)・中村の私領主権を獲得して、それを基礎に1133年（長承2）新荘をたてた。やがて、南京の悪僧と称された預所(あずかりどころ)覚仁(かくにん)の、名張郡司(ぐんじ)源俊方(としかた)を追放するなどの活躍によって、1174年（承安4）に、黒田本荘・出作・新荘の一円不輸(いちえんふゆ)寺領化に成功する。

　鎌倉後期から南北朝時代にかけての黒田荘では、数次にわたって悪党が発生し、荘園領主東大寺に反抗した。彼らの年貢対捍(たいかん)・路次狼藉(ろじろうぜき)などの諸行為には頽廃(たいはい)的な側面があり、敗北を繰り返したが、東大寺の黒田荘支配に大きな打撃を与えたことは間違いない。1439、40年（永享11、12）になると、黒田本荘・新荘において年貢の地下請(じげうけ)が成立し、荘民の成長と東大寺の荘支配の後退を如実に示している。そして戦国時代になると、1566年（永禄9）ごろに伊賀惣国一揆(そうこくいっき)が成立し、東大寺文書中に黒田荘の名はしだいにみえなくなっていくのである。

［黒田日出男］

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