Kuroshio Current

Japanese: 黒潮 - くろしお(英語表記)Kuroshio Current
Kuroshio Current

It is a warm current that flows from southwest to northeast along the southern coast of the Japanese archipelago and is also called the Japan Current. It is one of the two major ocean currents in the world, alongside the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic, which flows north along the east coast of the United States.

The Kuroshio Current is part of a large gyre that flows clockwise around the North Pacific Ocean due to the large-scale wind system distribution consisting of mid-latitude westerlies and low-latitude trade winds. The current narrows and becomes stronger in the area corresponding to the Kuroshio Current (west coast strengthening phenomenon) due to the latitude change (planetary effect) of the Earth's turning force (Coriolis force).

It originates east of the Philippines, enters the East China Sea between Taiwan and Ishigaki Island, flows northeast along the continental shelf slope, and re-enters the Pacific Ocean through the Tokara Strait between Yakushima and Amami Oshima. In the south of Japan, it flows quite close to Kyushu and Shikoku, and from off the coast of the Kii Peninsula to off the coast of Enshu Nada, there are two relatively stable flow paths: one that runs almost straight along the coast, and one that meanders significantly southward at the edge of the cold water mass that occurs off the coast of Enshu Nada. These are called the Kuroshio Non-Large Meander and the Kuroshio Large Meander, respectively. There are two types of non-large meander flow paths: a non-large meander onshore flow that passes north of Hachijojima, and a non-large meander offshore flow that passes south. Together with the large meander flow, the Kuroshio flow paths south of Honshu can be broadly divided into these three. The most prominent flow path fluctuation is a cycle of about 20 years. After passing Inubosaki, the current meanders north and south and flows out into the sea east of Japan. The part that leaves the coast of Honshu and heads east is generally called the Kuroshio Extension. In this extension, the northern upper part of the meander separates from the main current, becomes a warm water mass, and settles off the coast of Sanriku, a phenomenon that has been observed once or twice a year.

The Kuroshio Current is fastest in the area south to east of Honshu, exceeding 3 knots, and often exceeds 100 km in width, but only in areas with a width of about 50 km can it reach a speed of 2 knots or more. It also reaches quite deep waters, often reaching 1 knot at a depth of 600 meters and 0.2 knots or more at a depth of 1000 meters. Its flow rate is 20 to 30 million cubic meters per second in the East China Sea and 40 to 80 million cubic meters per second south of Honshu. The Kuroshio Current always brings warm, saline seawater to the areas around Japan. The sea surface temperature near the axis of the current is 28°C in summer (21°C in winter) in the East China Sea, and around 27°C in summer (17°C in winter) off the coast of Enshu Nada, and the sea surface salinity is 34.5 to 35 psu (psu is an abbreviation for practical salinity unit).

The Kuroshio Current not only brings warm-water tuna and bonito from the south to the waters around Japan, but also has a great influence on Japan's climate, such as hot and humid summers. It is also thought to have played a major role in the arrival of civilizations from the south.

[Kouichi Nagasaka and Koichi Ishikawa]

"Hydro-Oceanography of the Kuroshio Current and the Oyashio Current" by Kawai Hideo (included in "Basic Marine Science Lectures 2"; 1972; Tokai University Press)""The Story of Ocean Currents" by Hidaka Koji (1983; Tsukiji Shokan)""Japan's Nature 7: The Seas Surrounding the Japanese Archipelago" by Horikoshi Masuoki, Nagata Yutaka, and Sato Takuhiro (1987; Iwanami Shoten)""Japan's Nature 3: The Seas of Japan" edited by Hoshino Michihira and Kubota Tadashi (1987; Heibonsha)""High Tides on the Continental Shelf Coast: Theory and Reality" by Nakamura Shigehisa (1994; Kindai Bungeisha)""The Seas of Researchers" edited by Teramoto Toshihiko (1994; Seizando Shoten) " ▽ "The Changing Coasts of Japan: From the Last Interglacial Period to the Present" edited by Koike Kazuyuki and Ota Yoko (1996; Kokin Shoin)""The Science of Ocean Waves and Currents" by Unoki Sanae and Kubota Masahisa (1996, Tokai University Press)""The History of Encounters and Recognition of the Kuroshio Current" by Kawai Hideo (1997, Kyoto University Press)""Archaeology of the Kuroshio Current Region" by Oda Shizuo (2000, Daiichi Shobo)""Encyclopedia of Japan's Maritime Universities" by Kurazawa Eiichi (2001, TBS Britannica)""An Introduction to Oceanography, 4th Edition, by Sekine Yoshihiko (2003, Seizando Shoten)"

[References] | Ocean | Sea water | Ocean current|Gulf Stream | Coriolis force | Pacific Ocean | Warm water mass | Tugara Strait | psu | East China Sea | Westerly winds | Trade winds | Cold water mass
Changes in the Kuroshio axial flow
©Shogakukan ">

Changes in the Kuroshio axial flow


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本列島の南岸を南西から北東に流れる暖流で、日本海流ともよばれる。アメリカ東岸を北上する北大西洋の湾流(ガルフストリーム)と並ぶ世界二大海流の一つである。

 黒潮は、中緯度の偏西風と低緯度の貿易風からなる大規模な風系分布に起因して北太平洋を時計回りに巡る大環流の一部である。黒潮に相当する部分で流れの幅が狭まり、強い流れとなっている(西岸強化現象)のは、地球の転向力(コリオリの力)の緯度による変化(プラネタリー効果)のためである。

 フィリピン東方に源を発し、台湾と石垣島の間から東シナ海に入り、大陸棚斜面に沿って北東に流れ、屋久(やく)島と奄美(あまみ)大島の間の吐噶喇(とから)海峡を経てふたたび太平洋に入っている。日本の南方では、九州および四国にかなり接近して流れ、紀伊半島沖から遠州灘(なだ)沖にかけては、沿岸沿いをほぼ直進する流路と、遠州灘沖に発生する冷水塊の縁辺部で大きく南に蛇行する流路の二つの流路が比較的安定して存在し、それぞれ黒潮非大蛇行、黒潮大蛇行とよばれている。また、非大蛇行流路には、八丈島の北を通る非大蛇行接岸流路と、南を通る非大蛇行離岸流路の二つがあり、大蛇行流路とあわせて、本州南方の黒潮流路はこれら三つに大別できる。流路変動は約20年周期がもっとも卓越している。犬吠埼(いぬぼうさき)を過ぎてからは、大きく南北に蛇行しながら日本の東方海上に流れ去る。本州沿岸を離れて東に向かう部分は、一般に黒潮続流とよばれることが多い。この続流部では蛇行の北上部が本流から切り離され、暖水塊となり、三陸沖に定着する現象が、年に1~2回観測されている。

 黒潮の流速は、本州南方から東方でもっとも速く3ノットを超え、流れの幅も100キロメートルを超えることが多いが、2ノット以上の流速がみられるのは幅50キロメートル程度の部分である。また流れはかなり深層まで及んでおり、深さ600メートル付近で1ノット、1000メートル付近でも0.2ノット以上に達することも多い。またその流量は、東シナ海で毎秒2000万~3000万立方メートル、本州南方では毎秒4000万~8000万立方メートルである。黒潮は、つねに日本付近に温暖で塩分の高い海水をもたらしている。流軸付近の海面水温は、東シナ海では夏28℃(冬21℃)、遠州灘沖で夏27℃(冬17℃)内外、海面塩分は34.5~35psu(psuはpractical salinity unitの略、実用塩分単位)である。

 黒潮は、南方から暖水系のマグロ、カツオを日本近海にもたらすほか、夏の高温多湿などの日本の気候にも多くの影響を及ぼしている。また、南方からの文明の渡来にも大きく貢献したと考えられている。

[長坂昂一・石川孝一]

『川合英夫著「黒潮と親潮の海況学」(『海洋科学基礎講座2』所収・1972・東海大学出版会)』『日高孝次著『海流の話』(1983・築地書館)』『堀越増興・永田豊・佐藤任弘著『日本の自然7 日本列島をめぐる海』(1987・岩波書店)』『星野通平・久保田正編著『日本の自然3 日本の海』(1987・平凡社)』『中村重久著『陸棚沿岸の高潮――理論と実態』(1994・近代文芸社)』『寺本俊彦編著『研究者たちの海』(1994・成山堂書店)』『小池一之・太田陽子編『変化する日本の海岸――最終間氷期から現在まで』(1996・古今書院)』『宇野木早苗・久保田雅久著『海洋の波と流れの科学』(1996・東海大学出版会)』『川合英夫著『黒潮遭遇と認知の歴史』(1997・京都大学学術出版会)』『小田静夫著『黒潮圏の考古学』(2000・第一書房)』『倉沢栄一著『日本の海大百科』(2001・TBSブリタニカ)』『関根義彦著『海洋物理学概論』4訂版(2003・成山堂書店)』

[参照項目] | | 海水 | 海流 | ガルフストリーム | コリオリの力 | 太平洋 | 暖水塊 | 吐噶喇海峡 | psu | 東シナ海 | 偏西風 | 貿易風 | 冷水塊
黒潮の軸流の変化
©Shogakukan">

黒潮の軸流の変化


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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