It refers to an organism attaching itself to the body surface of another organism (the host) and absorbing nutrients. In other words, it is a type of parasitism, and is the opposite of internal parasitism. Parasites infest the host's skin, scales, oral cavity, nasal cavity, gills, etc., but sometimes they also infest the rectum or bladder. Some organisms, such as lice, spend their entire developmental period on the host, while others, such as chiggers, spend only a certain period, and some, such as mosquitoes, only stay on the host's surface when they drink blood. There are also organisms, such as some flies, that burrow into the skin of the host and parasitize, and some, such as the brochidium larvae of the wood mussel, that parasitize by being enveloped in the host's proliferating tissue. Parasitism can sometimes cause the sexual traits of the host to change. When a crab or hermit crab is parasitised by the same crustacean, the sea urchin, the male eventually loses its male characteristics and becomes feminized, resulting in parasitic castration. This is because the parasitism causes a disruption in the secretion of male hormones. Many external parasites act as vectors for pathogens. Lice transmit typhus, scrub mites transmit scrub typhus, fleas transmit plague, Anopheles transmits malaria, and tsetse flies transmit sleeping sickness. [Kondo Takaki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ある生物がほかの生物(宿主)の体表面に付着し、栄養を吸収することをいう。すなわち、寄生の一種で内部寄生に対する語。寄生者は宿主の皮膚、鱗(うろこ)、口腔(こうこう)、鼻腔(びこう)、えらなどに寄生するが、ときには直腸や膀胱(ぼうこう)などに寄生する場合も含む。シラミのように全発育期を宿主上で過ごすもの、ツツガムシのようにある時期のみを過ごすもの、カのように吸血のときにだけ宿主の体表に止まるものなどがある。また、ある種のハエのように宿主の皮膚に潜り込んで寄生するものや、ドブガイのブロキディウム幼生のように宿主の増殖した組織に包まれて寄生するものもある。 寄生されることにより宿主の性形質が変化することがある。カニやヤドカリの雄に同じ甲殻類のフクロムシが寄生すると、この雄はやがて雄の特徴を失って雌化して寄生去勢をおこす。これは寄生によって雄性ホルモンの分泌障害がおこるためである。外部寄生動物には病原体の媒介者となっているものが多い。シラミは発疹(はっしん)チフスを媒介し、ツツガムシはツツガムシ病を、ノミはペストを、ハマダラカはマラリアを、ツェツェバエは睡眠病を、それぞれ媒介する。 [近藤高貴] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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