Born: October 8, 1888 in Wüstenroth [Died] February 8, 1964. Tübingen German psychiatrist. He studied philosophy and medicine at the University of Tübingen, and was a professor at the University of Marburg from 1926 to 1946, and at the University of Tübingen from 1946 to 1959. He served as a military doctor in World War I, where he studied hysteria, which led him to become involved in psychiatry. During his time at the University of Tübingen, he conducted research into children's personality and mental illness, and developed psychotherapy and hypnotism. He published a book almost every year since 1918, but is particularly famous for his empirical typology that correlates physique with personality. In his 1921 book Körperbau und Charakter (Physique and Character), he argued that there was a correlation between certain mental disorders and certain physiques, and classified physiques into three types: elongated, obese, and combative, and showed that elongated types were more likely to have a schizoid temperament, and obese types were more likely to have a manic-depressive temperament. This study was criticized for being due to age differences, because the elongated and schizophrenic patient Kretschmer gave as an example was younger than the obese and manic-depressive patient. Nevertheless, the physique theory was widely accepted by the public, and encouraged further psychological research. However, there are many doubts about its statistics, and it has hardly been used in personality research in recent years. Other works he produced include those on geniuses, criminals, and delusions. His main works include Medizinische Psychologie (1922) and Geniale Menschen (1929). Kretschmer |
[生]1888.10.8. ウュステンロート [没]1964.2.8. テュービンゲン ドイツの精神医学者。テュービンゲン大学で哲学と医学を学び,1926~46年にマールブルク大学教授,1946~59年にテュービンゲン大学教授を務めた。第1次世界大戦に軍医として参戦し,そこでヒステリーを研究したのが,精神医学に携わるきっかけとなった。テュービンゲン大学在職中,子供の性格や精神病の研究を進め,精神療法や催眠術を発展させた。1918年以降,ほぼ毎年著書を出したが,体格と性格とを関連づけた実証的類型論は特に有名。1921年の著書『体格と性格』Körperbau und Charakterのなかで,特定の精神疾患と特定の体格の間に相関関係があるとして,体格をおもに細長型,肥満型,闘士型の 3種に分類し,細長型には分裂性気質が,肥満型には躁うつ性気質が多いことを示した。この研究は,クレッチマーが例としてあげた細長型で分裂性気質の患者が,肥満型で躁うつ性気質の患者より若かったため,体格差は年齢によるものであるという批判を受けた。それでも体格説は大衆には広く受け入れられ,さらなる心理学的研究を促した。しかし統計学的には疑問が多く,近年のパーソナリティの研究にはほとんど使われていない。そのほか,天才,犯罪者,妄想などに関する業績がある。主著『医学的心理学』Medizinische Psychologie(1922),『天才』Geniale Menschen(1929)など。 クレッチマー
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