A country consisting of the Maldives archipelago, located 600 km southwest of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the northern Indian Ocean. Its official name is the Republic of Maldives. It is also called Maldives, Maldives, or Mardaibu. It consists of about 1,200 islands scattered over an 820 km stretch from the 7th parallel north to the equator. Its area is 298 square kilometers. Of these, about 200 islands are inhabited by 298,968 people (2006 census). The capital is Male on Male Island. There are huge coral atolls surrounding the islands. The local administrative districts are divided into the capital Male, which is directly under the government, and 20 administrative districts, such as Fadifoll, Mulaku, and Addu, which are based on the atolls. The islands have a low, flat terrain with an elevation of less than 6 meters above sea level and are covered with palm forests. At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, President Gayoom requested assistance and cooperation from various countries regarding the danger of rising sea levels due to global warming. The country has a tropical climate with an average annual temperature of 28°C, and a mild dry season from January to April. It was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century and the Netherlands in the 17th century, and came under British rule from the end of the 18th century, becoming a British territory as an island of Ceylon in 1887. With the independence of Ceylon in 1948, it became a British protectorate, and in 1965 it gained independence and joined the United Nations. In 1968, it transitioned from a monarchy to a republic. In 1978, Gayoom, who replaced the first president Nasir, became president and served for six terms and 30 years. In August 2008, a new democratic constitution was enacted, which for the first time established basic human rights, freedom of speech, and a multi-party system. In October of the same year, a presidential election was held under the new constitution, and Nasheed, who defeated Gayoom in a runoff vote, became president. The presidential term is five years. The parliament is unicameral with 50 seats and a five-year term. There are 42 seats in the parliament: eight nominated by the president, and two elected from the capital, Male, and each of the 20 atoll administrative districts across the country. The main industries are tourism and fishing, and the government is focusing on tourism development and modernization of the fishing industry. The number of tourists from Europe and Japan is also increasing, with 676,000 tourists visiting in 2007, generating tourism sales of approximately $493 million. The island's products include coconuts, breadfruit, and other fruits, as well as seafood such as dried fish called Maldive fish, which are exported along with palm crafts to Sri Lanka and the Malabar Coast of India. The island relies on imports for its staple food of rice, as well as sugar, flour, and machinery. The gross domestic product (GDP) is $1,049 million (2007), the gross national income (GNI) per capita is $3,200 (2007), and the trade volume is $135.6 million for exports and $926.5 million for imports (2006). The main export destinations are Thailand, Japan, Sri Lanka, and the UK, and import destinations are Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, India, and Malaysia. After World War II, many Japanese fishing boats began to call at the port, and Japanese fisheries companies established canned and frozen foods factories. The British naval base on Addu Island at the southern tip of the island was removed in 1976. The population is a mix of Maldivian Malays, Dravidians and Arabs. The language is Dhivehi, derived from Sinhalese in Sri Lanka, and the characters are read from right to left. The religion was Buddhism in ancient times, but Islam was later introduced and in 1116 it became an Islamic kingdom, with Islam being the state religion to this day. The birth rate is 19.5% (2006), the population growth rate is 1.6% (average between 2000 and 2006), and the population aged 0-14 was 32.8% (2005), making it a high proportion of young people. Primary school enrollment is from 6 years old and above, but there is no compulsory education system. The school enrollment rate was low due to a lack of educational facilities and teachers, but the progress of the national development plan has led to a primary school enrollment rate of 79% (2004). [Masahisa Hayashi] "The Mystery of the Maldives" by Thor Heyerdahl, translated by Nobuyoshi Kimura (1995, Hosei University Press)" ▽ "Maldives - Blue Paradise" by Kazuyoshi Miyoshi (1999, Shogakukan)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of South Asia, revised and expanded edition, edited by Noboru Karashima et al. (2002, Heibonsha)" [References] | [Supplementary Materials] |"> Maldives flag ©Shogakukan Illustration/Shogakukan Creative "> Maldives Location Map Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
インド洋北部、セイロン島(スリランカ)の南西600キロメートルに浮かぶモルジブ諸島からなる国。正称はモルジブ共和国Republic of Maldives。モルディブ、マルディブ、マルダイブともいう。北緯7度から赤道直下まで、820キロメートルにわたって点在する約1200の島より構成される。面積298平方キロメートル。このうち約200島に29万8968(2006センサス)の人が住む。首都はマレ島のマレ。島々の周囲には巨大なサンゴ環礁が存在する。地方行政区は政府直轄の首都マレと、この環礁を単位としたファディフォル、ムラク、アドゥーなど20の行政区とに分けられている。島々は標高6メートルに満たない低平な地形をなしヤシ林に覆われる。1992年の国連環境開発会議で、大統領ガユームが地球温暖化による海面上昇の危険について各国の支援と協力を要請した。年平均気温28℃の熱帯気候で、1~4月に弱い乾期がみられる。 16世紀にはポルトガル、17世紀にはオランダの植民地となり、18世紀末からイギリスの支配を受け、1887年にセイロンの属島としてイギリス領となった。1948年セイロンの独立に伴いイギリス保護領となり、1965年に独立、国連に加盟した。1968年に君主制から共和制に移行。1978年、初代大統領のナシルにかわって大統領に就任したガユームが6期30年にわたって長く大統領を務めてきた。2008年8月には基本的人権、言論の自由、複数政党制などを初めて定めた民主的な新憲法が制定された。同年10月に新憲法下での大統領選挙が行われて、決戦投票のすえにガユームを破ったナシードが大統領となった。大統領の任期は5年。議会は一院制で議席数は50、任期は5年。大統領が指名する8議席に、首都マレと全国の20環礁行政区からおのおの2議席選出される42議席からなる。 おもな産業は観光と漁業で、政府は観光開発と漁業の近代化に力を入れている。ヨーロッパや日本からの観光客も増加し、2007年には67万6000人の観光客が訪れ、約4億9300万ドルの観光売上げを記録した。島の産物はココヤシ、パンノキの実、果実のほか、モルジブ・フィッシュとよばれる魚の乾物など魚貝類が多く、ヤシ細工とともにスリランカやインドのマラバル海岸方面へ輸出される。主食の米や、砂糖、小麦粉、機械類は輸入に頼っている。国内総生産(GDP)は10億4900万ドル(2007)、1人当り国民総所得(GNI)は3200ドル(2007)、貿易額は輸出1億3560万ドル、輸入9億2650万ドル(2006)で、おもな輸出相手国はタイ、日本、スリランカ、イギリス、輸入相手国はシンガポール、アラブ首長国連邦、インド、マレーシアなどである。第二次世界大戦後には、日本漁船が多く入港するようになり、日本の水産会社が缶詰、冷凍工場を設立した。なお、南端のアドゥー島にあったイギリス海軍基地は1976年撤去された。 住民は、マレー系のモルジブ人とドラビダ人やアラブ人の混血で構成されている。言語は、スリランカのシンハラ語から派生したディベヒ語で、文字は右から左へ読む。宗教は古くは仏教であったが、のちにイスラム教が伝わり、1116年にはイスラム王国となり、現在もイスラム教を国教としている。出生率は19.5%(2006)、人口増加率1.6%(2000~2006平均)で、0~14歳人口は32.8%(2005)と若年人口の比率が高い。小学校入学は6歳以上からであるが義務教育制度はない。教育施設、教員の不足などによって就学率が低かったが、国家開発計画の進行により初等教育就学率は79%(2004)に達した。 [林 正久] 『トール・ヘイエルダール著、木村伸義訳『モルディブの謎』(1995・法政大学出版局)』▽『三好和義著『モルディブ――青い楽園』(1999・小学館)』▽『辛島昇他監修『南アジアを知る事典 新訂増補』(2002・平凡社)』 [参照項目] | [補完資料] |"> モルジブの国旗 ©Shogakukan 作図/小学館クリエイティブ"> モルジブ位置図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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