Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus

Japanese: クリューガー(英語表記)Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus
Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus
Born: October 10, 1825, Cape Colony
Died: July 14, 1904. Clarence Krügel, a Dutch Boer politician in South Africa. He was the President of the Transvaal (in office 1883-99) who resisted British imperialism at the height of its power in Africa. Born to a Boer farmer, he gradually rose to prominence among the Boers who escaped from the British Cape Colony and migrated inland to establish the Transvaal Republic. In 1863, he became the military commander of the Republic. In 1877, he became Vice President, but the Republic was annexed by Britain in the same year, and in 1880, he became the leader of the anti-British struggle. The following year, he defeated the British and made peace, restoring the Transvaal's independence. He was elected President four times from 1883 to 1899. In October 1899, he sent an ultimatum to Britain, which had been increasing its pressure since the Jameson Invasion in 1895, and thus began the South African War (Boer War). In 1902 the republic was annexed by Britain, and Krüger went into exile in the Netherlands and then Switzerland.

Kruger
Kreuger, Ivar

Born: March 2, 1880 in Kalmar
[Died] March 12, 1932, Paris. Swedish businessman. Born the son of consul Ernst Krüger, he studied at the Royal Technical College in Stockholm. He made his fortune in America, and by consolidating the Swedish match manufacturing industry, he acquired the domestic match monopoly, accumulating huge capital and becoming the world's king of matches. As head of the Krüger conglomerate he established, he was involved in the match monopoly business as well as steel, pulp, lumber, and construction, and invested large amounts of capital in America, Britain, Germany, and France during and after World War I. The Great Depression of 1929 was followed by a worldwide recession, and the Krüger conglomerate's stock price plummeted. He tried to recover from the collapse but was unsuccessful, and committed suicide in Paris.

Kruger
Krüger, Franz

Born: 3/10/1797, Gross Badegast near Köthen
Died January 21, 1857. Berlin German painter. One of the leading artists of the Biedermeier style. He studied at the Berlin Academy (1812-14), later became a professor there (57), and was a Prussian court painter. He excelled in the depiction of horses and was nicknamed "Krüger the Horse." His representative work is "Parade on Opernplatz" (29, Hermitage Museum).

Kruger
Crüger, Johannes

Born: April 9, 1598, Grossbrese
[Died] February 23, 1662, Berlin German composer, music theorist, and organist. He studied theology in Wittenberg and music at the same time. He served as cantor at St. Nikolai Church in Berlin from 1622 until his death. In addition to writing numerous theoretical works, he was also an outstanding composer of German Protestant chorales. His works include motets, magnificats, and concertos.

Kruger
Krueger, Felix Emil

Born: August 10, 1874 in Posen (now Poznan)
[Died] February 25, 1948. Basel German psychologist. Professor at the University of Leipzig, advocate of holistic psychology. Based on the principle of creative synthesis proposed by W. Bund, he placed emphasis on the wholeness of mental life and systematized it from a developmental perspective. His main work was Das Wesen der Gefühle (1928), or "The Essence of Emotions."

Kruger
Krüger, Gerhard

Born: January 30, 1902, Berlin
[Died] February 14, 1972.
German philosopher. Professor at the University of Tübingen. His major works include "The Cost of Reasoning in Maschinenbau" (1932) and "Erfassung und Verrechnung vom Ausschuss" (59).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1825.10.10. ケープ植民地
[没]1904.7.14. クラレンス
南アフリカのオランダ系移住民ボーア人の政治家。クリューゲルとも表記される。アフリカにおける絶頂期のイギリス帝国主義に抵抗したトランスバール大統領 (在任 1883~99) 。ボーア人農民の子として生れ,イギリスのケープ植民地支配を脱し,内陸部へ大移動してトランスバール共和国を建設したボーア人の間で次第に頭角を現し,1863年共和国の軍司令官に就任。 77年副大統領になったが,同年共和国はイギリスに併合され,80年反イギリス闘争の指導者となった。翌年イギリス軍に勝利を得て講和し,トランスバールの独立を回復し,83~99年まで大統領に4選された。 95年のジェームソン侵入事件以来圧迫を強めつつあったイギリスに対し,99年 10月最後通告を送り,ここに南アフリカ戦争 (ボーア戦争) が開始された。 1902年共和国はイギリスに併合され,クリューガーはオランダ,次いでスイスに亡命した。

クリューガー
Kreuger, Ivar

[生]1880.3.2. カルマル
[没]1932.3.12. パリ
スウェーデンの実業家。領事エルンスト・クリューガーの子として生れ,ストックホルムの王立工業大学で学んだ。アメリカにおいて財を築き,またスウェーデンのマッチ製造業を統合して国内のマッチ専売権を獲得し,巨大資本を蓄積して世界のマッチ王になった。彼の築いたクリューガー財閥を率いて,マッチの独占事業のほか,鉄鋼,パルプ,木材,建設などの事業に従事し,第1次世界大戦中および戦後,アメリカ,イギリス,ドイツ,フランスに多額の資本投下を行なった。 1929年の大恐慌に続く世界的不況により,クリューガー財閥の株は暴落し,その収拾に努力したが成功せず,パリで自殺した。

クリューガー
Krüger, Franz

[生]1797.9.3/10. ケーテン近郊グロースバーデガスト
[没]1857.1.21. ベルリン
ドイツの画家。ビーダーマイアー様式の代表的な作家の一人。ベルリン・アカデミーに学び (1812~14) ,のちに同校教授 (57) ,プロイセンの宮廷画家となる。馬の表現にすぐれ「馬のクリューガー」の異名を得る。代表作『オーペルン広場のパレード』 (29,エルミタージュ美術館) 。

クリューガー
Crüger, Johannes

[生]1598.4.9. グロスブレーゼ
[没]1662.2.23. ベルリン
ドイツの作曲家,音楽理論家,オルガニスト。ウィッテンベルクで神学を研究,かたわら音楽を学ぶ。 1622年から生涯ベルリンの聖ニコライ教会のカントルをつとめた。数多い理論書を著わしたほか,ドイツ・プロテスタントのコラールの作曲家として傑出。モテト,マニフィカト,協奏曲などの作品がある。

クリューガー
Krueger, Felix Emil

[生]1874.8.10. ポーゼン(現ポズナン)
[没]1948.2.25. バーゼル
ドイツの心理学者。ライプチヒ大学教授,全体性心理学の主唱者。 W.ブントの創造的総合の原理に基づき,精神生活の全体性を重視し,これを発達的見地から体系化した。主著『感情の本質』 Das Wesen der Gefühle (1928) 。

クリューガー
Krüger, Gerhard

[生]1902.1.30. ベルリン
[没]1972.2.14.
ドイツの哲学者。テュービンゲン大学教授。主著"Das Kostenproblem der Rationalisierung im Maschinenbau"(1932),"Erfassung und Verrechnung vom Ausschuss" (59) 。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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