German analytical chemist. Born in Wernigerode, Kingdom of Prussia (now Germany), as the son of a tailor. After training as a pharmacist and traveling around Germany, he settled in Berlin in 1771 and ran a pharmacy. He served as a chemistry lecturer at the medical school and military academy from 1782, and became professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin when it opened in 1810. He contributed to the improvement of mineral analysis methods, such as calling attention to the need to heat and dry the precipitate before weighing it, to prevent impurities from the equipment or reagents, and to the fact that analytical errors suggest the presence of unknown elements. Applying his analytical techniques, he discovered two new elements, uranium and zirconium (but as oxides) in 1789, and the rare earth ceria (cerium oxide) in 1803. He also rediscovered previously discovered elements such as titanium and tellurium that had been buried. He also applied analytical chemistry to artifacts excavated from ancient ruins. In 1793, he confirmed Lavoisier's new chemical theory through precise experimental testing, and contributed to its dissemination in Germany. [Masao Uchida] [Reference items] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの分析化学者。プロイセン王国のウェルニゲローデ(現在はドイツ)に仕立職人の子として生まれた。薬剤師の訓練を受けてドイツ各地を遍歴したのち、1771年ベルリンに落ち着いて薬局を経営した。1782年以来医学校や兵学校の化学講師を務め、1810年ベルリン大学の開設とともにその化学教授となった。鉱物分析法の改良に貢献し、たとえば沈殿を秤量(ひょうりょう)する前に加熱乾燥すること、装置や試薬からの不純物の混入を防ぐこと、分析誤差が未知元素の存在を示唆することなどに注意を喚起した。その分析技術を適用して、1789年にウランとジルコニウムの二つの新元素を発見(ただし酸化物として)、1803年には希土類のセリア(酸化セリウム)を発見。また、以前に発見されていながら埋もれていたチタン、テルルなどを再発見した。また古代遺跡の発掘品にも分析化学を適用した。1793年、ラボアジエの新しい化学理論を精密な追試によって確認し、これをドイツに普及することにも貢献した。 [内田正夫] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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