Born 26 February 1950. Hamilton. New Zealand politician. Prime Minister (in office 1999-2008). Raised on a farm in Te Pahu, west of Hamilton. Graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Politics in 1971 and a Master's degree in 1974 from the University of Auckland, where she taught from 1973 to 1981. In 1971, she joined the New Zealand Labour Party and was first elected in the 1981 parliamentary election. In 1987, she served as Minister for Housing, Minister for Conservation, Minister for Labour and Minister for Health under Labour Prime Minister David Rongi. In 1993, she was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first woman to lead a major political party in New Zealand and to lead the Opposition in Parliament. When the Labour Party won the 1999 parliamentary election and a Labour coalition government was formed, she was elected Prime Minister, making her the first elected female Prime Minister in New Zealand. In addition to serving as Minister for Arts and Culture, he established a diverse cabinet, including 11 women and four Māori, and tackled many controversial policy issues, such as Māori rights, gay marriage, and prostitution (legalized in 2003). He opposed the US-led Iraq War. He served as New Zealand's first three-term Prime Minister, in 2002 and 2005. After the 2008 election, which was hit by a recession, the ruling Labour Party lost to John Key's New Zealand National Party, he resigned as Prime Minister and Party Leader. In 2009, he was appointed Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). He received the Danish Peace Prize in 1986 and was awarded the Order of New Zealand in 2009. Clark
Clarke, Samuel Born: 11 October 1675, Norwich
[died] May 17, 1729, Leicester. British theologian and philosopher. He studied Cartesian philosophy at Cambridge University, and at the same time, he studied the new theories of Newton's physics, which he learned there, and contributed to their dissemination, but also influenced Newton. He tried to prove the existence of God using mathematical methods as much as possible, and believed that moral principles are as certain as mathematical propositions, and therefore can be known by reason alone. These ideas had a great influence on 18th century British thought, and D. Hume's criticism of religion was partly motivated by Clarke's dissatisfaction with Clarke's proof of the existence of God. His intellectualist theory in moral philosophy was supported by W. Wollaston and R. Price. In 1715-16, he had a debate with G. Leibniz about the relationship between the principles of natural philosophy and religion, and their letters were published in 1717. His major works include "A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God" (1705), "A Discourse concerning the Unchangeable Obligation of Natural Religion" (06), and "The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity" (12). Clark
Clark, Joe Born June 5, 1939. High River, Canada. Canadian politician. Prime Minister (in office 1979-80). His real name was Charles Joseph Clark. He received a bachelor's degree in history in 1960 and a master's degree in political science in 1973 from the University of Alberta. He became active in politics as a supporter of the Progressive Conservative Party from 1957, and served as national chairman of the Progressive Conservative Student League from 1962 to 1965, and secretary to party leader Robert Stanfield from 1967 to 1970. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1972 election, and served as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party from 1976 to 1983. In the 1979 election, the Progressive Conservative Party became the largest party, and Clark became the youngest prime minister in Canadian history. However, because he was a minority government, a motion of no confidence was passed six months later due to budget problems, and the government was forced to disband. In the following 1980 election, he was defeated by the Liberal Party led by Pierre Elliott Trudeau. When the Mulroney government came to power in 1984, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1984 to 1991, and President of the Privy Council from 1991 to 1993. He left politics in 1993, but was re-elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1998, and returned to the House of Commons in 2000. He retired from parliament in 2004. In 2006, he became professor at the Centre for Developing Area Studies at McGill University. Clark
Clarke, Sir Arthur. Born: December 16, 1917, Minehead, England
[Died] March 19, 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka. British science fiction writer. Full name Sir Arthur Charles Clarke. In 1945, Clarke predicted the development of today's communications satellites, and wrote Earthlight (1955), A Fall of Moondust (1961), and other near-future works. He also collaborated on the production of Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), which was based on Clarke's short story. He was also interested in the ocean, and in 1956 he settled in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and engaged in diving exploration, publishing photographs and reports, and writing The Deep Range (1957), a novel that delves into resource issues. Other works include Childhood's End (1953), Rendezvous with Rama (1973, Nebula Award, Hugo Award), and The Foutains of Paradise (1979, Nebula Award, Hugo Award). Clark
Clark, John Bates Born January 26, 1847 in Providence, Rhode Island.
[Died] March 21, 1938. New York American economist. After graduating from Amherst College, he studied in Germany (1872-75) and learned from the historical school led by K. Knies. After returning to the United States, he was a professor at Carleton College, Smith College, and Amherst College. In 1895, he became a professor at Columbia University, and in 1923, a professor emeritus at the same university. During this time, he was president of the American Economic Association from 1893 to 1895, and director of the economics and history department at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace from 1911 onwards. He was a driving force behind the marginal revolution in America, and one of the people who built the foundations for the current prosperity of American economics. Since his debut work, The Philosophy of Wealth (86), he has developed his own theory of marginal utility based on a harmonious view of society, and in his main work, The Distribution of Wealth (99), he provided an early and comprehensive formulation of the marginal productivity theory, especially the perfect distribution theorem. He also wrote many other books, including The Problem of Monopoly (1904) and Essentials of Economic Theory (07). Clark
Clark, Colin Grant Born: November 2, 1905.
[Died] September 4, 1989.
British economist. After graduating from Oxford University, he became an assistant professor at Harvard University, and lectured on statistics at Cambridge University from 1931 to 1937. He then went to Australia, where he served as a visiting lecturer at universities in Melbourne and Sydney, and held various government positions, including Under-Secretary of Labour and Industry, Director of Industry, and Adviser to the Queensland Treasury. In 1953, he returned to the UK and became director of the Institute of Agricultural Economics at Oxford University. He is a world authority on statistical empirical research of national income, and is particularly known for his division of the economy into primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, and his demonstration of the shift in the focus of industrial structure as the economy develops, which he developed in his main work, The Conditions of Economic progress (1940). This reaffirmed the empirical law discovered by W. Petty, and led subsequent research on economic development in the direction of explaining the rise in per capita national income by the changes in the industrial structure behind it (→Petty's law). Clark
Clark, Walter van Tilburg Born: August 3, 1909 in East Orlando, Maine
[Died] November 10, 1971. Reno, Nevada. American novelist. He spent his childhood in Nevada, graduated from the University of Nevada and the University of Vermont, and became a teacher before starting his career as a writer. He wrote original, insightful, tragic novels set in the West, adding a human interpretation to the stereotypical characters found in Western novels. His novel The Ox-Bow Incident (1940), based on a lynching that occurred in 1885, was made into a film in 1942 and was well received. His representative works include The City of Trembling Leaves (45), which is compared to the works of T. Wolfe, The Track of the Cat (49), a symbolic work about the pursuit of a supernatural beast, and the short story collection The Watchful Gods (50). He also wrote a collection of poems. Clark
Clark, Sir Kenneth Born: July 13, 1903, London
[Died] May 21, 1983. Kent. British art historian. After studying art history at Oxford University, he went to Florence and studied Italian art under B. Berenson. From 1934, he was director of the National Gallery in London for 11 years. He was a professor at Oxford University from 1946 to 1950 and from 1961 to 1962. He was chairman of the Arts Council from 1953 to 1960. He held important positions such as director of the London Library, and was made a peer in 1969. His major works include Gothic Revival (1928), Leonardo da Vinci (39), Landscape into Art (49), The Nude (56), and Rembrandt and the Italian Renaissance (66). Clark
Clark, John Maurice Born November 30, 1884 in Northampton, Massachusetts.
[Died] June 27, 1963. Westport, Connecticut. American economist. Son of JB Clark. After graduating from Amherst College in 1905, he taught at the universities of Colorado, Amherst, Chicago, and Columbia, and during World War II he held many government positions, including the Office of Price Stabilization. In 1935 he became president of the American Economic Association. He was a member of the American Institutional School, but was also highly regarded as a systematic exponent of the acceleration principle, and in his later years he made significant contributions to theory, such as writing Competition as a Dynamic Process (1961), which developed the concept of effective competition. He also wrote many other books, including Studies in the Economics of Overhead Costs (23). Clark
Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth Born: March 19, 1847, Boston
Died: May 23, 1931, Washington, DC
American geochemist. Studied chemistry at Harvard University. Assistant professor at Cornell University (1869). Lecturer in chemistry at Boston Dental College (1870). Professor of chemistry and physics at Harvard University (1873). Professor at the University of Cincinnati (1874). Chief chemist at the United States Geological Survey (1883-1924). He is known for the Clarke number, which estimates the chemical composition of the Earth's crust from the analysis of igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and marine sediments, and expresses the abundance of elements in weight percentages up to 16 km underground. The Clarke number itself is not used much these days because his definition of the Earth's crust was unclear, but his work is recognized as providing the basis for elucidating chemical processes near the Earth's surface. He wrote Data of Geochemistry (1908). Clark
Clark, William Smith Born July 31, 1826 in Ashfield, Massachusetts.
[Died] March 9, 1886, Amherst American educator and chemist/mineralist. After graduating from Amherst College, he obtained his doctorate from the University of Gottingen in Germany. After returning to Japan, he served as a professor at his alma mater, and in 1867 was appointed president of Massachusetts Agricultural College. In 1876, he was invited by Kuroda Kiyotaka, the governor of the Hokkaido Colonization Agency, to visit Japan. He served as vice principal of Sapporo Agricultural College, the predecessor of Hokkaido University, in its early days. In just eight months, he was influenced by Christianity and trained direct and indirect disciples such as Sato Shosuke, Oshima Masatake, Nakajima Nobuyuki, Uchimura Kanzo, Nitobe Inazo, and Miyabe Kingo. His moral teachings, along with the words "Boys, be ambitious" that he left to his students when he parted ways with them, have long been passed down in the Japanese education world. After returning to Japan, he spent his time in obscurity. Clark
Clark, Mark Wayne Born: May 1, 1896, Madison Barracks, New York
[Died] April 17, 1984. Charleston, South Carolina. American Army general. Graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1917 and participated in World War I. In World War II, he played an active role in negotiations with the Allied forces during the Allied invasion of North Africa as acting commander under D. Eisenhower in 1942. In January 1943, he became commander of the U.S. 5th Army in Italy, and entered Rome. In 1944, he became commander of the 15th Corps, and in May 1945, he forced the German army to surrender in Northern Italy. After the war, he became Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Korea in May 1952, succeeding M. Ridgway. Until the armistice agreement was signed in July 1953, he played an active role in negotiations with the Korean government and on the military side as commander. Clark
Clark, Barrett Harper Born: August 26, 1890, Toronto
[Died] August 5, 1953. New York. American theater scholar and theater critic. While working in the literary department of the Theatre Guild and editing Drama Magazine, he published many books and edited books. His main works include Contemporary French Dramatists (1915), British and American Drama of Today (15), Eugene O'Neill, the Man and His Plays (29, expanded edition 47), and European Theories of the Drama (47). Clark
Clarke, Charles Cowden Born 15 December 1787 in Enfield, Middlesex
[Died] March 13, 1877. Genoa. British critic. Friend of Keats. Author of Tales from Chaucer (1833), Shakespeare Characters (63), etc. Co-authored with his wife Mary, Recollections of Writers (78) and The Shakespeare Key (79). She is famous for editing the Complete Concordance to Shakespeare (44-45). Clark
Clark, Francis Edward Born: September 12, 1851 in Quebec, Canada
[Died] May 25, 1927.
He was an American Congregational Church minister and a leader in the Youth Christian Movement. He served as pastor of the Portland Church (1876) and the Philip Church (83). He organized the United Society of Christian Endeavor (81), which spread the youth movement throughout the country and later served as president of the World's Society of Christian Endeavor (87), which became an international organization. Clark
Clark, Alvan Graham Born July 10, 1832 in Fall River, Massachusetts.
[Died] June 9, 1897. Cambridge, Massachusetts. American astronomer. He ran a telescope manufacturing company with his father and brother. In 1897, he produced a 40-inch (about 102 cm) lens, the largest in the world at the time, and delivered it to the University of Chicago's Yerkes Observatory. In 1862, he discovered Sirius B, a white dwarf star, which is a companion star to Sirius, and was awarded the Lalande Prize by the French Academy of Sciences. Clark
Clarke, Jeremiah Born: circa 1674, London
[Died] December 1, 1707, London. British composer and organist. He first served as a choir singer at the Royal Chapel. He was appointed organist at Winchester College in 1692, at St. Paul's Cathedral in 1695, and at the Royal Chapel in 1704. He composed ansens, odes, incidental music, and harpsichord pieces, but is best known for his harpsichord piece "The Prince of Denmark's March" (also known as "Trumpet Voluntary"). Clark
Clarke, Alexander Ross Born December 16, 1828 in Southlandshire
[Died] February 11, 1914.
British geodesist. He invented a simple method of triangulation and published the results of the first geodetic survey in Britain in 1861. He also calculated the major and minor axes of the Earth as an oblate ellipsoid (1866), which were later adopted by the International Union of Geodesy and Physics. His book Geodesy (80) became the best textbook on geodesy and was used in many countries. Clark
Clark, William Born August 1, 1770. Virginia, Caroline
Died: September 1, 1838. St. Louis, Missouri. American soldier, explorer, and administrator. Joined the army in 1789 and served in the Indian wars. Started the Lewis and Clark Expedition with M. Lewis. From 1803, he spent three years exploring the route through the Missouri and Columbia River basins to the Pacific coast. In his later years, he served as Indian Superintendent of Louisiana and Governor of the Missouri Province. Clark
Clark, Edward Warren [Born] 1849
[Died] 1907
He was a foreigner employed by the government. He came to Japan in 1871 at the request of Katsu Yasuyoshi (→Katsu Kaishu), and served as a teacher in the Shizuoka Domain for three years, and then served as a teacher at the Kaisei School in Tokyo from 1873 to 1874. He returned to Japan in 1875, and came to Japan again to listen to "Bakufu Shimatsu" (The End of the Shogunate) from Katsu Yasuyoshi, and wrote "Katsu Awaden" (1904). He was a graduate of Rutgers University and a classmate of W. Griffith. Clark
kulak A Russian word meaning "fist." Refers to wealthy Russian peasants. They formed as a class after the Emancipation of the Serfs in 1861 (→ Emancipation Edict), and before the October Revolution they wielded great influence as the rural bourgeoisie. After the revolution, the Soviet government organized poor peasant committees in various regions to eradicate the kulaks, but this policy was temporarily suspended during the NEP (→ New Economic Policy). They quickly disappeared during the rapid collectivization that began in the late 1920s. Clark
Clark, William Andrews Born January 8, 1839 in Connellsville, Pennsylvania.
[Died] March 2, 1925, New York. American industrialist and politician. He operated mines in Colorado and Montana since 1863. He served as a U.S. Senator from Montana from 1999 to 1900, but was accused of election fraud. A Senate investigative committee concluded that the charges were legal, but he resigned. He served as a U.S. Senator again from 2001 to 2007. Clark
Clarke, John Born: October 8, 1609, Wethorpe, Suffolk
Died April 28, 1676. Newport, Rhode Island. American Baptist minister. Emigrated from England to Boston in 1637, and participated in the founding of the Rhode Island colony in 1639. From 1651 to 1664, he defended Rhode Island's position in England, and tried to maintain its liberal political system and prevent interference from the mother country. Clark
Clark, George Rogers Born November 19, 1752 in Charlottesville, Virginia.
[Died] February 13, 1818. Near Louisville, Kentucky. Commander of the Virginia militia during the American Revolutionary War. Participated in Lord Dunmore's Rebellion in 1774. During the Revolutionary War, he led the Virginia militia and fought in battles west of the Alleghany Mountains, and after the war, he worked on land allotment in the Northwest and negotiated with the Native Americans. Clark
Clark, Abraham Born February 15, 1726 in Elizabethtown, New Jersey.
Died September 15, 1794, Elizabethtown, New Jersey. A politician during the American Revolution. One of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Elected to the Continental Congress from the Province of New Jersey in 1776. Attended the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1791 to 1794. Clark
Clarke, Edward Daniel Born June 5, 1769 in Willington, Sussex.
[Died] March 9, 1822, London. British mineralogist and traveller. He travelled from Europe to Asia Minor, collecting minerals and ancient artefacts, and published a journal of his travels. He was the first professor of mineralogy at Cambridge University (1808). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
