French composer. Born and died in Saint-Cloud, near Paris. He was taught music by his mother, a pianist, and showed musical talent from an early age. In 1835, he entered the Paris Conservatory, where he studied composition under Reicha, Haléby, and Le Sueur. In 1839, he won the Prix de Rome, and the following year he studied in Rome for three years. During this time, he met Mendelssohn's sister Fanny Hensel, and became deeply acquainted with German music such as Bach and Beethoven. He also became interested in religion after hearing Palestrina's music in the Sistine Chapel and meeting the preacher Lacordère, and at one point aspired to become a priest. After returning to Paris, he left the secular world until 1850, devoting himself to composing and performing religious music, calling himself "Master Gounod." In 1851, he composed the opera "Sappho" for a singer friend, and this marked his foray into opera, but he was not successful. On the other hand, his works "Meditation on Bach's Prelude No. 1" for violin, piano, and organ (1853; this melody later became famous as the song "Ave Maria") and "Mass Solemn of St. Cecilia" (1855) were successful, and he quickly became famous. He then achieved success with the opera comique "The Doctor Reluctantly" (1858) and the opera "Faust" (1859), both based on Molière's libretto. The latter, in particular, achieved even greater success with a grand opera version with ballet in 1869, and became regarded as his masterpiece. This opera was the first opera performed in Japan (1894) by amateur foreign musicians, although only a part of it was performed. For a short time, he was fascinated by Wagner's music. After that, he was unable to achieve success with opera, except for "Mireille" (1864) based on Mistral's original work, and "Romeo and Juliet" (1867) based on Shakespeare's work. He was elected to the Academy in 1866, but in 1870, he moved to London to avoid the Prussian-French War, and in his later years, he returned to France and once again turned to composing religious music, achieving success with the oratorio "Atonement" (1882). Gounod pioneered the field of opera lyric, which focused on attractive melodies and musical and visual effects appropriate to the development of the drama rather than external effects, and worked hard to develop this genre, which is somewhere between grand opera and opéra comique. In his approximately 200 songs, he did not follow the sweet or sentimental romance of salons, but instead made use of the beauty of poetry and rhythm, created songs with light expressions and elegant melodies. For this reason, he is considered the founder of modern French song. These characteristics are also common to his religious music. He also highly praised the talent of Berlioz, and did his best to make the musical talents of younger composers such as Bizet and Saint-Saëns known to the world. [Yoshio Miyama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの作曲家。パリ近郊サン・クルーに生まれ同地に没。ピアニストの母から音楽の手ほどきを受け、少年時代から楽才を発揮、1835年パリ音楽院に入学、レイハ、アレビー、ル・シュールに師事し、作曲などを学んだ。39年ローマ大賞を受賞し、翌年から3年間ローマに留学。この間にメンデルスゾーンの姉ファニー・ヘンゼルと出会い、バッハ、ベートーベンらのドイツ音楽を深く知るようになった。またシスティナ礼拝堂でパレストリーナの音楽を聴き、説教師ラコルデールと出会ったことから宗教に傾倒、一時は聖職者を目ざし、パリ帰着後も50年までは世俗を離れ、宗教音楽の作曲と演奏に専心し「師グノー」と自称した。51年、友人の歌手のためにオペラ『サッフォー』を作曲したのを機にオペラに進出したものの成功せず、一方、バイオリン、ピアノ、オルガンのための『バッハの前奏曲第一番による瞑想(めいそう)曲』(1853。この旋律はのちに歌曲『アベ・マリア』としても有名になる)、『聖チェチーリア荘厳ミサ曲』(1855)が成功、彼の名を一躍高めた。 その後モリエールの台本を用いたオペラ・コミック『いやいやながら医者にされ』(1858)、オペラ『ファウスト』(1859)が成功、とくに後者は1869年にバレエ付きのグランド・オペラに改作した版によりいっそうの成功をかちえ、彼の代表作と目されるようになった。なおこのオペラは、一部分ではあるが、外国人素人(しろうと)音楽家による日本最初のオペラ上演(明治27年=1894)の曲目であった。短期間ワーグナーの音楽に心酔。その後、ミストラルの原作による『ミレイユ』(1864)、シェークスピアによる『ロメオとジュリエット』(1867)を除いてはオペラでは成功を得られなかった。1866年アカデミー会員に選ばれるが、70年、プロイセン・フランス戦争を避けロンドンに移り活動、晩年はフランスに戻ってふたたび宗教音楽の作曲に向かい、オラトリオ『贖罪(しょくざい)』(1882)などで成功を収めた。 グノーは、従来主流であったグランド・オペラに対し、外面的効果よりも、魅力的な旋律、ドラマの進展にふさわしい音楽的、視覚的な効果を伴ったオペラ・リリックという領域を開拓、この、グランド・オペラとオペラ・コミックの中間に位置するジャンルの発展のために尽くした。また200曲ほどの歌曲では、サロン風の甘美ないし感傷的なロマンスを踏襲せず、詩の美しさやリズムを生かし、軽妙な表現、優美な旋律をもつものをつくった。そのため彼は、フランス近代歌曲の創始者に位置づけられている。これらの特質は彼の宗教音楽にも共通している。また彼は、ベルリオーズの才能を評価、年下のビゼーやサン・サーンスの楽才を世に知らせるために力を尽くした。 [美山良夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
1534?-1615 Peruvian chronicler. An Indian who clai...
A character from the Kabuki play "Sannin Kich...
It usually refers to the revolutionary theory (Bla...
...The autobiography of the French mystic Thérèse...
French painter. Born in Montpellier, he studied a...
A count family that ruled the Anjou region in wes...
…[Hiroshi Hasegawa]. … *Some of the terminology t...
A city in eastern Hyogo Prefecture. It was incorpo...
… [Hiroshi Yuasa]. … *Some of the terminology tha...
…After Giotto's death in 1337, he succeeded h...
A cave site in the north of Sarawak, Borneo, Malay...
...It blooms in summer, but in greenhouses it blo...
…Therefore, it is a social (legal) concept that i...
〘Ta Ka Ni I〙 Azu-ku 〘Ta Ka Ni II〙[I] To leave some...
... "The accumulation of production, the mon...