One of the four social classes (varna) that existed in ancient India, representing royalty and warriors. While Brahmins performed rituals, Kshatriyas were considered secular authorities who shared the responsibility of governance and rule. In the Sanghas of Manu, it is said that the Lord created the king when society fell into chaos due to the lack of a king, and it emphasizes that the first duty of the king is to protect the people. Some scholars (French cultural anthropologist Louis Dumont) consider this separation and division of spiritual authority and secular power at an early stage to be a characteristic of ancient Indian states and societies. However, in reality, many royal families in ancient Indian states were not considered Kshatriya, and it is not necessarily clear to what extent Kshatriya was a closed social class. It was not until the Middle Ages, from the 8th and 9th centuries onwards, that royal families began to emphasize that they were Kshatriya. When the Rajput caste groups that began to form around this time established political powers in various parts of North India, they began to create family trees that traced back to the ancient Kshatriya. In medieval India, only the Rajputs were widely recognized as Kshatriyas, but there were no similar warrior castes in other regions that were recognized as Kshatriyas. In the Middle Ages, there were more regions without Kshatriyas than those without. [Otani Hiroyuki] Genichi Yamazaki, "Kingdom and Religion in Ancient India: Kings and Brahmins" (1994, Tosui Shobo) Louis Dumont, "Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Meaning" (2001, Misuzu Shobo) [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代インドで成立した四つの社会階層(バルナ)の一つで、王族・武人階層。 バラモンが祭式を執行するのに対して、クシャトリヤは統治、支配を分担する世俗的権力者とされる。『マヌ法典』では、社会が王を欠いたために混乱に陥ったとき、「主」が王を創造したとし、王の第一の義務として人民の保護を強調している。このような、精神的権威と世俗的権力の早期の段階における分離、分担をインド古代国家・社会の特徴とみなす学説もある(フランスの文化人類学者ルイ・デュモン)。しかし、実際には、古代インドの諸国家の王族にはクシャトリヤとはみなされていない家系も多く、クシャトリヤがどこまで閉鎖的な身分階層であったのか、かならずしも明確ではない。王族がクシャトリヤであることを強調するようになるのは、むしろ、8、9世紀以降の中世になってからで、このころに形成され始めたラージプート・カースト諸集団が北インド各地に政権を樹立すると、古代のクシャトリヤにさかのぼる家系図をつくるようになった。インド中世において、このラージプートだけは広くクシャトリヤと認められたが、他の地方の同様な武人的カーストでクシャトリヤと認められたカーストは存在しない。中世には、クシャトリヤのいない地方の方が多かったのである。 [小谷汪之] 『山崎元一著『古代インドの王権と宗教――王とバラモン』(1994・刀水書房)』▽『ルイ・デュモン著、田中雅一・渡辺公三訳『ホモ・ヒエラルキクス――カースト体系とその意味』(2001・みすず書房)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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