Silver mirror reaction - Ginkyouhannou (English spelling) silver mirror reaction

Japanese: 銀鏡反応 - ぎんきょうはんのう(英語表記)silver mirror reaction
Silver mirror reaction - Ginkyouhannou (English spelling) silver mirror reaction

This is a detection reaction for reducing organic compounds. A sample is placed in a glass container with a cleaned inside, and a silver nitrate solution is added. Ammonia water is added until the brown precipitate that forms disappears to create a transparent solution. When this is heated with a small flame on a burner or in a water bath at 50-60°C, silver precipitates on the inside of the container, and the container is silver-plated. This is called a silver mirror, and this reaction is called the silver mirror reaction. Formaldehyde, reducing sugars such as glucose and fructose, and tartrates, etc., show this reaction. The silver plating of Dewar flasks and mirrors is based on this reaction. Sucrose (a non-reducing disaccharide, usually called sugar) does not show this reaction. The detection method using the silver mirror reaction is called the silver mirror test, and is used for the qualitative analysis of reducing substances.

Some metal ions form white hydroxide precipitates in an alkaline ammonia solution, but form ammine complexes with an excess of ammonia. Examples are Ag + , Cu 2+ , and Zn 2+ . Ammine complexes are usually colorless and transparent, but some are colored depending on the properties of the metal ion. [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ is deep blue. When ammonia is added to a silver nitrate solution, Ag + + OH - - → AgOH
A white precipitate is formed as shown in
2AgOH--> Ag2O + H2O
As shown in the figure, silver oxide is produced by dehydration, resulting in a brown precipitate. This dissolves in the presence of excess ammonia to produce the silver ammine complex [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + .

[Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + +e - Ag+2NH 3
The standard reduction potential (standard oxidation-reduction potential) of is E ° = +0.373 V.
Ag + +e - Ag
The standard reduction potential of is E ° = +0.799V. [Ag( NH3 ) 2 ] + has a smaller standard reduction potential than Ag + . This is unfavorable for redox reactions with organic substances, but since the standard reduction potentials of reducible organic substances are small, theoretically there is no problem. In practical terms, it is probably superior in that it produces a fine-grained silver mirror.

[Yoshio Narusawa]

"Chemical Society of Japan, ed., 'Chemical Handbook: Basics', 4th Revised Edition (1993, Maruzen)""Saturday Science Experiments,' by Hirotoshi Akiyama (2002, Bungeisha)"

[References] | Ammine complex salts | Ammonia | Mirror | Reducing sugars | Silver plating | Complexes | Oxidation-reduction potential | Tartaric acid | Silver nitrate | Qualitative analysis | Dewar flask

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

還元性有機化合物の検出反応の一つ。内面を清浄にしたガラス容器に試料を入れ、これに硝酸銀溶液を加え、いったん生ずる褐色沈殿が消失するまでアンモニア水を加えて透明溶液にする。これをバーナーの小炎で熱するか、あるいは水浴中で50~60℃に加温すると、容器の内面に銀が析出し、容器が銀めっきされる。これを銀鏡といい、この反応を銀鏡反応という。ホルムアルデヒド、ブドウ糖や果糖のような還元糖、酒石酸塩などはこの反応を示す。デュワー瓶や鏡の銀めっきはこの反応に基づいている。ショ糖(非還元性二糖類、通常砂糖とよばれている)はこの反応を示さない。銀鏡反応を用いる検出法を銀鏡試験といい、還元性物質の定性分析に利用される。

 ある種の金属イオンはアンモニアアルカリ性溶液中で水酸化物の白色沈殿を生成するが、アンモニアの過剰でアンミン錯体を生成する。Ag+、Cu2+、Zn2+などがその例である。アンミン錯体は通常無色透明であるが、金属イオンの性質により有色のものもある。[Cu(NH3)4]2+は濃青色である。硝酸銀溶液にアンモニアを加えたときに
  Ag++OH-―→AgOH
のように白色沈殿が生成するが、
  2AgOH―→Ag2O+H2O
のように脱水して酸化銀が生成し褐色沈殿になる。これは過剰のアンモニアにより、銀アンミン錯体[Ag(NH3)2]+を生成して溶ける。

  [Ag(NH3)2]++e-Ag+2NH3
の標準還元電位(標準酸化還元電位)はE°=+0.373Vである。一方、
  Ag++e-Ag
の標準還元電位はE°=+0.799Vである。Ag+より[Ag(NH3)2]+のほうが標準還元電位が小さい。このことは有機物との酸化還元反応には不利であるが、還元性有機物の標準還元電位は小さいので、理論的には問題がない。実用的には、きめの細かい銀鏡を生成するという点で優れているのであろう。

[成澤芳男]

『日本化学会編『化学便覧 基礎編』改訂4版(1993・丸善)』『秋山浩利著『土曜日の科学実験』(2002・文芸社)』

[参照項目] | アンミン錯塩 | アンモニア | | 還元糖 | 銀めっき | 錯体 | 酸化還元電位 | 酒石酸 | 硝酸銀 | 定性分析 | デュワー瓶

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Kim Ok-gyun

>>:  Kim Kyo-shin

Recommend

Rotary coordinate system

A coordinate system that rotates around an axis re...

Zhang Ji - Choseki

A Chinese poet of the mid-Tang Dynasty. His pen n...

Kinshincho - Kinshincho

...There are also various types of intimacy among...

Medical practice - Medical practice

...For example, cosmetic surgery, contraceptive p...

Crassostrea gigas (English spelling)

… [Cultivated oysters] Oyster farming is popular ...

CCU - CCU

Coronary Care Unit. An intensive monitoring and t...

Ladies Professional Golf Association of America

… Women have participated in golf since its incep...

Night daisy - Night daisy

A cold-tolerant perennial plant of the Asteraceae ...

Partition of Poland - Rozbiory Polski (Polish)

The partition of Poland was carried out three tim...

Solutré (English spelling)

…A Late Paleolithic culture with the Solutré site...

Foreigners' House

〘 noun 〙 A house in a Western style where Westerne...

Jordan

◎Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (al-Ma...

Moritaka Kuki

Year of death: September 15, 1632 (October 28, 163...

Kyukokakuhon - Kyukokakubon

…The Thirteen Classics Commentaries, the Shuowen ...

Scarborough (English spelling)

A city in the eastern part of North Yorkshire, nor...