Optical Rotatory Power

Japanese: 旋光性 - せんこうせい(英語表記)optical rotatory power
Optical Rotatory Power

This phenomenon occurs when a material rotates linearly polarized light to the left or right. A material with this property is called an optically rotatory material, and because they have the same composition but different structures, they are also called optical isomers or optically active substances. A typical example is tartaric acid.

A polarimeter (also called a polarimeter) is used to measure optical rotation. A polarizer is placed behind the light source to produce linearly polarized light. When this is shone onto a sample, the polarized light component rotates depending on the material, and the emitted light appears dark. However, if the polarizer on the person measuring the light is rotated to the left or right, the light becomes brighter. This rotation angle is called α (alpha), where α is positive when viewed to the right (dextrorotatory) and negative when viewed to the left (levorotatory).

Substances that exhibit optical rotation include sugars, potassium chlorate, and some complex compounds. Positive optical rotation is represented by d , negative optical rotation by l , and D- and L- are used to correspond to d and l , which indicate absolute configuration. The diagram shows the optical isomerism of alanine.

[Takashi Shimozawa]

[Reference item] | Optical isomerism | Optical activity
Optical isomerism of alanine (Diagram)
The arrangement of the four functional groups (NH, CH, H, COOH ) is either left-handed or right-handed when viewed from the central carbon atom .

Optical isomerism of alanine (Diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物質に直線偏光を入射したとき、物質がその光を左右いずれかに回転させる現象。このような性質をもつ物質を旋光性物質といい、組成が同じでも構造が異なる物質であることから、光学異性体または光学活性体ともいう。代表的な例は酒石酸である。

 旋光性を測定するには旋光計(偏光計ともいう)を用いる。光源の後ろに偏光子を置き、直線偏光にする。これを試料に照射すると、物質によってはこの偏光成分が回転するために、出射光が暗く見える。しかし、測定者の側にある偏光子を左右いずれかに回転すると明るくなる。この回転角度をα(アルファ)とする、ただし、αは測定者から見て右回り(右旋性)のとき+、左回り(左旋性)のとき-とする。

 旋光性を示す物質には糖類、塩素酸カリウム、一部の錯化合物などがある。+の旋光をd、-の旋光をlで表し、また絶対配置を示すdlに対応させてD-、L-が用いられる。はアラニンの光学異性を示す。

[下沢 隆]

[参照項目] | 光学異性 | 光学活性
アラニンの光学異性〔図〕
中心にある炭素原子から見て、四つの官能基(NH、CH、H、COOH)の配置が左回りか右回りになっている©Shogakukan">

アラニンの光学異性〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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