It is also called the climax. It is the final stage of a community that is reached as a result of succession. It is stable, and the species that make up the climax renew and maintain their populations, so it is persistent, unlike the unstable and changing communities (intermediate phases) that are in the middle of the transition. If the temperature and moisture conditions are appropriate, the climax generally becomes a forest composed of shade-tolerant trees that grow in mesophytic sites. In the climax, the plant biomass (the amount of plant population expressed in weight or energy) reaches its maximum for that site, and production and consumption by breathing are in balance. The food chain becomes complex and reticulate. The hierarchical structure (vertical arrangement) of the community also differentiates into four to five layers. Since the climax is the ecosystem that is most adapted to the climatic conditions of the land, the climax that is finally reached becomes a community that is characteristic of the land. This is called a climatic climax. Conversely, under the same climatic conditions, plant groups that are phylogenetically different will evolve to show similar physiognomy. The small, thick-leafed sclerophyll forests found in Mediterranean climates around the world are a typical example of this. This phenomenon is called ecosystem convergence. The regeneration and maintenance of climax communities does not necessarily occur continuously in a state of equilibrium. It has become clear that parts of the forest are destroyed by disturbance factors that occur at intervals much shorter than the life span of the canopy trees (the trees that make up the upper part of the forest) of the climax forest, and that regeneration is possible only under favorable light conditions in that part. Regarding climaxes, there are the monopolar theory proposed by Clements, which only recognizes climatic climaxes, the polypolar theory proposed by AG Tansley (1871-1955), which recognizes climaxes determined by conditions other than climate, such as soil conditions and topographical conditions, and the climax pattern theory proposed by RH Whittaker (1920-1980), which claims that the pattern in which various communities are combined is itself a climax. Each theory has merit, but if you consider the process of succession as a model of community development, the monopolar theory is the clearest. [Masahiko Osawa] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
極盛相、クライマックスともいう。遷移の結果到達する最後の段階となる群落のことで、遷移途上の不安定で変化する群落(途中相)とは異なり、安定し、極相構成種は個体群を更新、維持するので永続性がある。温度や水分条件が適当であれば、一般的には、極相は中生的な立地に成立する耐陰性のある樹木から構成される森林となる。極相では、植物現存量(植物群の量を重量ないしはエネルギー量で表したもの)はその土地での最大量に達し、生産量と呼吸による消費量とはつり合っている。食物連鎖は複雑で網目状になる。群落の階層構造(垂直的な配列状態)も4~5層に分化する。極相はその土地の気候条件下でもっとも適応的な生態系であるため、最終的に到達する極相は、土地によって特徴的な群落となる。これを気候的極相とよぶ。逆に、同じ気候条件下であれば、系統的に異なる植物群でも同じような相観を示すように進化する。世界の地中海式気候下でみられる小型で、葉の厚い硬葉樹林は、この典型的な例である。この現象を生態系の収斂(しゅうれん)とよぶ。極相群落の再生、維持はかならずしも平衡状態で連続的に行われているわけではなく、極相林の林冠木(上部を構成する木)の寿命よりはずっと短い時間間隔でおこる攪乱(かくらん)要因によって林の一部が破壊され、その部分の好転した光条件下でのみ再生が可能になるということが明らかになっている。 極相に関してはクレメンツの気候的極相だけを認める単極相説、タンスレーA. G. Tansley(1871―1955)の気候以外の条件、たとえば土壌条件、地形条件などにより規定される極相も認める多極相説、ホイッタカーR. H. Whittaker(1920―1980)のいろいろな群落が複合したパターンそのものが極相であるとする極相パターン説などがある。それぞれ一理はあるが、遷移の過程を群落の発達モデルと考えれば、単極相説がすっきりとしている。 [大澤雅彦] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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