Born July 25, 1956 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. An American chemical engineer. Full name Frances Hamilton Arnold. Received her PhD in chemical engineering from the University of California. Worked at the California Institute of Technology from 1986, serving as an assistant professor and associate professor from 1996. In the 1990s, she developed a method to exploit the mechanisms of biological evolution in order to obtain enzymes with optimal structures. Specifically, she randomly mutated bacterial genes to create thousands of variants, then introduced them into E. coli to select the most active ones, and then further mutated the genes. This "evolutionary process" was repeated four times to obtain the modified enzyme of interest. The success of this "directed evolution," which evolves organisms to meet a specific purpose, was announced in 1993, and it was soon applied to the development of enzymes with new functions, such as for biofuels. In 2018, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (→Nobel Prize) along with American biochemist George P. Smith and British biochemist Gregory P. Winter for his pioneering work on "molecular evolutionary engineering," a method of improving protein function by mimicking the process of biological evolution. In 2011, he was awarded the Charles Stark Draper Prize and the National Medal of Technology. Arnold
Arnold, Matthew Born: 24 December 1822, Railham, Middlesex
[died] April 15, 1888, Liverpool, British poet and critic. He was a long-time inspector of schools (1851-83) and a professor of poetry at Oxford University (1857-67). Since his first collection of poems, The Strayed Reveller, and other Poems, by A. (49), he has written a series of tragic love poems set in Switzerland, as well as Empedocles on Etna, and other Poems (52) and The Scholar-Gypsy (53), in which he has sung with a unique sense of pathos about a heart torn between reality and ideals. From the 1860s onwards, he devoted himself to his activities as a critic, and with a broad perspective he has written literary criticism as exemplified by Essays in Criticism (vol. 2, 65, 88) and critiques of civilization as an “apostle of culture” as seen in Culture and Anarchy (69) and Literature and Dogma (73), making him a pioneer of today’s comprehensive criticism. Arnold
Arnold, Eve Born: April 21, 1912, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
[Died] January 4, 2012. London, England. Photojournalist born in the United States. Known for his photos of stars on set, especially of Marilyn Monroe. He studied photography in New York, and joined the Magnum Photos group as a freelance photographer in 1951, becoming a full member in 1957. His work is diverse, ranging from black Muslims and women's political movements to the lives of people in small towns. His work was published in photo magazines such as Life and Look. He moved to England in 1961, and traveled around the world, taking countless photos. His photobook In China (1980) won the National Book Award. He received the American Magazine Photographers Society Lifetime Achievement Award in 1980, and was named Master Photographer by the International Center of Photography (ICP) in 1995. He was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2003. Arnold
Arnold, Vladimir Igorevich Born: June 12, 1937, Odessa, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
[Died] June 3, 2010. A mathematician from the Soviet Union, Paris, France. He made important contributions in a wide range of fields, including dynamical systems and singularity theory (→ singular points). He studied under Andrei N. Kolmogorov at Moscow University and obtained his doctorate in 1961. He became a professor at Moscow University in 1965. He solved David Hilbert's 13th problem as an undergraduate, and in 1963 gave a rigorous proof of Kolmogorov's theorem on the three-body problem in Newtonian mechanics. He made significant contributions to the development of singularity theory, as well as to chaos theory, which describes solutions that behave randomly in systems defined by differential equations. In 1986, he moved to the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow, and from 1993, he also worked at the University of Paris Dauphin. He received the Wolf Prize in 2001 and the Shaw Prize (Shao Itsuo Prize) in 2008. Arnold
Arnold, Thomas Born: 13 June 1795, East Cowes
Died: June 12, 1842. Rugby, Warwickshire. Famous headmaster of Rugby School. An educator who had a profound influence on British public schools. Father of poet and critic M. Arnold. Studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and was elected a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, in 1815. In 1828 he became headmaster of Rugby School, reforming it into a school for educating gentlemen and raising it to a top-class standard. His main focus was on the prefect system, in which older students taught younger students, a system that was later introduced in most secondary schools in Britain. Many of the public schools established after his death were modeled after Rugby School. Arnold
Arnold, Sir Malcolm Henry Born: October 21, 1921, Northampton
[Died] September 23, 2006. Norwich British composer, conductor, and trumpeter. He studied at the Royal College of Music from 1941 to 1944. He served as principal trumpeter of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1945 to 1948. After receiving the Mendelssohn Prize, he studied composition and conducting in Italy. He composed many works, including symphonies, concertos, operas, and ballet music. He was also active in the field of film music, and won the Academy Award for Best Original Score for Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). He was awarded the CBE in 1970 and knighted in 1993. Arnold
Arnold, Henry Harley Born June 25, 1886 in Gladwynn, Pennsylvania
[Died] January 15, 1950, Sonoma, California. American army and air force officer. Trained in aviation by O. Wright, he served as an officer in the Army Air Corps during World War I. He later stressed the need for an independent air force. During World War II, he was commander of the U.S. Army Air Corps. In 1944, he was made a field marshal. In 1947, when the long-awaited Air Force was established, he became the first air marshal. Arnold
Arnold, Benedict Born January 14, 1741 in Norwich
[Died] June 14, 1801, London. A military officer during the American Revolution. Brigadier General. Participated in the attack on Ticonderoga in the early stages of the war. Commanded the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Distinguished service in the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, but defected to the British in 1779, and his name became synonymous with traitor. He went to England in 1781, where he spent the rest of his life. Arnold
Arnold, Sir Edwin Born 10 June 1832, Gravesend, Kent
[Died] March 24, 1904, London. British poet and journalist. Served as president of Deccan College in India, and after returning to the UK, was editor of the Daily Telegraph. His works include The Light of Asia (1879), a poem on the subject of Buddha. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
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