A Western musical style of the early 20th century that lacks a clear sense of tonality and central tone. The tonal music system established in Europe in the 17th century, that is, a musical system that is composed mainly of heptad scales (major and minor scales) and tonic triads (tonic chords, subdominant chords, dominant chords), gradually collapsed during the Romantic music of the 19th century, and tones other than heptads and chords other than triads were frequently used, losing the sense of tonality. Pioneering examples can be seen in the works of Liszt in his later years and Wagner's music drama Tristan and Isolde in the second half of the 19th century, but it was Schoenberg who perfected it. His works such as Pierrot Lunaire (1912), Six Little Piano Pieces (Op. 19, 1911), the monodrama Die Happily Hand (1910-13), his pupil Berg's opera Wozzeck (1917-21), and Webern's Five Orchestral Pieces (Op. 10, 1911-13) show characteristics such as semitones, chords in fourths, and asymmetrical rhythms. Stravinsky, Bartók, and Hindemith also produced atonal works during this period. Furthermore, Schoenberg introduced the twelve-tone technique, also known as "systematic atonal music," in his 1920 Five Piano Pieces (Op. 23), marking a new step in 20th century music. [Shuhei Hosokawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
明確な調性と中心音を感じさせない20世紀初頭の西洋の音楽様式。17世紀、ヨーロッパで成立した調性音楽、つまり七音音階(長音階と短音階)と主三和音(主和音、下属和音、属和音)を中心に構成された音楽の体系は、19世紀のロマン主義音楽を通じてしだいに崩壊し、七音以外の音、三和音以外の和音が頻繁に用いられ、いわゆる調性感を失っていった。19世紀後半、晩年のリストの作品や、ワーグナーの楽劇『トリスタンとイゾルデ』に先駆的な例がみられるが、その完成者はシェーンベルクである。彼の『月に憑(つ)かれたピエロ』(1912)、『六つの小さなピアノ曲』(作品19、1911)、モノドラマ『幸福な手』(1910~13)、弟子のベルクのオペラ『ウォツェック』(1917~21)、ウェーベルンの『五つの管弦楽の小品』(作品10、1911~13)には、半音、四度構成の和音、非対称的なリズムなどの特徴がみられる。この時期にストラビンスキー、バルトーク、ヒンデミットらもやはり無調的作品を発表している。さらにシェーンベルクは1920年の『五つのピアノ曲』(作品23)で「組織的無調音楽」ともよばれる十二音技法を打ち出し、20世紀音楽に新たな一歩を残した。 [細川周平] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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