Induction - yesterday (English spelling) induction

Japanese: 帰納 - きのう(英語表記)induction
Induction - yesterday (English spelling) induction

Inferring and concluding the general from the particular. In deduction, or deductive reasoning, if the premises are true, the conclusion must necessarily be true as well. In contrast, in induction, just because the premises are true does not guarantee that the conclusion is true. Therefore, logic based on induction, or inductive logic, cannot be called logic in the strict sense. However, limiting logic to deduction alone can lead to various inconveniences. For example, it is said that when constructing a scientific theory, the theory is constructed starting from experimental data and observational data. In other words, the theory is not deduced from data, but rather induced.

The attempt to organize this process from data to theory and formulate a logic different to deductive logic, that is, inductive logic, began with F. Bacon, passed through J.S. Mill, and is now a field of modern logic that is being actively studied in conjunction with statistics.

However, in theoretical sciences such as theoretical physics, theories are not constructed from data by induction. In many cases, a theory is first constructed, and then propositions that can be checked against the data are deduced, and the theory is verified based on whether or not it matches the data. Therefore, induction or inductive logic does not play as large a role in such theories as deduction.

[Arata Ishimoto]

[Reference] | Deduction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

特殊から一般を推論し、帰結すること。演繹(えんえき)、すなわち演繹的推論においては、前提が真であれば、結論も必然的に真でなければならない。これに対して、帰納においては、前提が真であるからといって、結論が真であるということは保証されていない。したがって、帰納に基づく論理、つまり帰納論理は厳密な意味では論理とはいえない。しかしながら、論理を演繹のみに限るといろいろと不都合なことがおこる。たとえば、科学理論を構成するに際しては、実験データや観測データから出発して理論が組み立てられるといわれている。つまり、データから理論が演繹されるのではなく、帰納される。

 データから理論へというこのプロセスを整理し、演繹論理とは別の論理、すなわち帰納論理を定式化しようという試みはF・ベーコンに始まり、J・S・ミルを経て、いまでは近代論理学の一分野として、統計学とも結び付いて活発に研究されている。

 とはいっても、理論物理学のような理論的科学においては、帰納によってデータから理論が構成されるわけではない。多くの場合、まず理論が組み立てられ、そこからデータと照合することができる命題が演繹され、データに合致するかどうかによって理論が検証される。したがって、こういった理論においては、帰納あるいは帰納論理は、演繹ほど大きな役割を演じていない。

[石本 新]

[参照項目] | 演繹

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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