Republican Party

Japanese: 共和党 - きょうわとう

A major political party in the United States, alongside the Democratic Party. Following the enactment of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, local anti-slavery parties were established in each state, and in 1856 these unified to form the current party. It developed rapidly after Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and promoted industrial capitalism during the Civil War. It was in power for most of the late 19th century and early 20th century, but its conservative tendencies grew stronger, and after the Great Depression of 1929, it lost its leadership to the Democratic Party, which adopted the New Deal policy. Eisenhower took power from 1953 to 1961, and it regained its power due to the Vietnam War and the worsening domestic problems, and Nixon was elected president in 1968. In 1974, Nixon was forced to resign due to the Watergate Scandal, and Ford, who took over as president, was defeated by Carter of the Democrats in 1976, ending the Republican administration after eight years. However, Reagan defeated Carter by a large margin in 1980 and was re-elected in 1984. Bush (senior), who served as vice president under Reagan, won the election in 1988, but lost consecutively to Democrat Clinton in 1992 and 1996. Bush (junior) won by a narrow margin over Gore in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, defeating Democratic candidate J. Kelly. He lost in the 2006 midterm elections, losing majorities in both houses of Congress to the Democrats. In the 2008 presidential election, McCain lost to Democrat Obama, and was also defeated in both houses of Congress. However, in the 2010 midterm elections, he won a landslide victory in the House of Representatives, gaining more than 60 seats and regaining a majority in the House of Representatives. In the 2012 presidential primary, Mitt Romney, who advocated a centrist policy, was selected as the Republican presidential candidate, and in November he faced off against incumbent Democratic President Obama, but he was unable to shake off his reputation as being pro-white and pro-wealthy, and lost. In the House of Representatives elections held on the same day as the presidential election, the Republicans won a majority with 234 seats and the Democrats with 201 seats, maintaining their power to strictly check the administration. In the 2014 midterm elections, the Republicans won 247 seats in the House of Representatives, a historic victory as it was the most seats the party has received since World War II. They also won 54 seats in the Senate, giving the Republicans a majority in both houses. Their foreign policy is isolationist and pro-state rights, and in economic policy they have traditionally advocated a small government and tended to oppose policies that increase the financial burden. The symbol of the party is an elephant.
Related topics: American School | United States | Grassroots Democracy | Fiscal Cliff | Abolitionist Movement | Two-Party System | Federalists | McCarthy

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

民主党と並ぶ米国の大政党。1854年カンザス・ネブラスカ法制定を機に奴隷制反対の地方政党が各州に成立，1856年これらが統一して現在の党が成立した。1860年リンカンが大統領に当選してから急激に発展，南北戦争中から産業資本主義を促進。19世紀後半―20世紀初期にはほとんど政権の座にあったが，保守的傾向が強まり，1929年の大恐慌以後はニューディール政策を採った民主党に主導権を奪われた。1953年―1961年アイゼンハワーが政権を握り，またベトナム戦争や国内問題の深刻化により勢力を回復，1968年にニクソンが大統領に当選，1974年ニクソンがウォーターゲート事件で辞任に追い込まれ，代わって大統領に就任したフォードも，1976年民主党のカーターに敗れ，共和党政権は８年で終わった。しかし1980年にはレーガンがカーターを大差で破り，1984年再選された。1988年にはレーガンのもとで副大統領を務めたブッシュ（父）が当選したが，1992年と1996年民主党のクリントンに連続して敗れ，2000年にブッシュ（子）がゴアと僅差で当選，2004年には民主党のJ.ケリー候補を破り再選された。2006年中間選挙で敗北し，上下両院の多数派を民主党に奪われた。2008年の大統領選ではマケイン候補が民主党オバマに破れ，両院選挙でも敗北した。しかし，2010年の中間選挙では下院で60議席以上を増やして大勝，下院の過半数を奪還した。2012年の大統領選挙予備選では中道政策を掲げるロムニー候補が共和党大統領候補として選出され，11月現職の民主党オバマ大統領と対決したが白人・富裕層寄りという評価を最後まで崩せず敗れた。大統領選と同日に行われた下院選では共和党234議席，民主党201議席で多数を獲得，政権を厳しくチェックする力を保持した。2014年の中間選挙では，下院で共和党は247議席を獲得，同党の議席数としては第２次大戦後最多と歴史的勝利となった。上院でも54議席を獲得，共和党が上下院で過半数を占める。外交政策は孤立主義的，州権主義的であり，経済政策では伝統的に小さな政府を標榜，財政負担増の政策には反対する傾向にある。政党のシンボルは象。
→関連項目アメリカ学派｜アメリカ合衆国｜草の根民主主義｜財政の崖｜奴隷廃止運動｜二大政党制｜フェデラリスツ｜マッカーシー

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