An agreement between two or more people to commit an illegal act. It is often simply called conspiracy, but can also be called a scheme or conspiracy. Regarding how such conspiracies are treated under criminal law, in Anglo-American law, conspiracy itself is generally punished as a conspiracy, but Japanese criminal law, like German law, does not generally punish conspiracies, but only exceptionally punishes conspiracies related to national crimes such as civil war (Article 78 of the Criminal Code), foreign aggression (Article 88 of the Criminal Code), and private war (Article 93 of the Criminal Code). However, in the realm of administrative criminal law, for example, public servants' industrial action is prohibited and the conspiracy itself is punished, and conspiracies are punished for relatively minor crimes (National Public Servant Law, Article 110, Paragraph 1, Item 17; Local Public Servant Law, Article 61, Item 4; see also Minor Offenses Law, Article 1, Item 29). Furthermore, in Japanese legal precedents, under the theory of conspiracy joint principal liability, even if a person merely participates in a criminal conspiracy, if some of the conspirators actually commit the crime, they are punished as joint principals. This theory of conspiracy joint principal liability does not punish the conspiracy itself, but since it punishes a person who participates in a conspiracy as a principal even if he or she has not played any role in the commission of the crime, many academics are opposed to this theory. [Tetsuro Nawa] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
2人以上の者の間に、違法な行為を行おうという合意が成立すること。単に共謀とよぶことが多いが、謀議、通謀ともいう。このような共謀を刑法上どのように扱うかにつき、英米法では、共謀自体をコンスピラシーconspiracyとして一般的に処罰しているが、日本の刑法は、ドイツ法と同様に共謀を一般的に処罰するのではなく、内乱(刑法78条)、外患(同法88条)、私戦(同法93条)という国家犯罪に関する共謀に限り例外的に処罰するにとどまる。ところが、行政刑法の領域では、たとえば公務員の争議行為を禁止し、その共謀自体をも処罰するなど、比較的軽微な犯罪につきその共謀を処罰している(国家公務員法110条1項17号、地方公務員法61条4号。なお、軽犯罪法1条29号参照)。さらに、わが国の判例は、共謀共同正犯の理論により、犯罪の共謀に参加したにすぎない者も、共謀者の一部が犯罪の実行に出た場合には、共同正犯として処罰している。この共謀共同正犯は、前述した共謀自体を処罰するわけではないが、共謀に参加すれば犯罪の実行になんら加わっていないにもかかわらず正犯として処罰するものであるため、学説にはこれに反対する者も多い。 [名和鐵郎] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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