Six schools of philosophy

Japanese: 六派哲学 - ろっぱてつがく
Six schools of philosophy

A general term for the six major philosophical systems of ancient India. In Sanskrit, it is called śadāśana. Numerous philosophical systems were established in India, but among them, those that do not recognize the authority of the Vedic scriptures, such as materialism, Buddhism, and Jainism, are considered unorthodox by orthodox Brahmins, while the so-called six schools of philosophy, including (1) Samkhya, (2) Yoga, (3) Nyāya, (4) Vaisheshika, (5) Mīmānsa, and (6) Vedanta, which recognize the authority of the Vedic scriptures in some way, are considered orthodox. The dates of the establishment of each of the six schools of philosophy are unclear, but the establishment and development of the schools can be seen to have occurred over a period of 480 years from 120 to 600, from the Kushan dynasty to the Gupta dynasty, especially during the Gupta dynasty. Of the six schools, (1) is closely related to (2), (3) to (4), and (5) to (6). They also share a common overall character. First, although each school has a recognized founder, in reality, the system was gradually developed over many years by many scholars. Second, each school has a fundamental scripture called a "sūtra" and gives it absolute authority. Third, although they each have a different approach, they all start from the idea of ​​karma and reincarnation as clarified in the Upanishads, and their ultimate goal is liberation from reincarnation. Philosophical speculation is a means to this ultimate goal. This is also true of non-orthodox systems such as Buddhism and Jainism.

[Maeda College]

[References] | Indian philosophy | Samkhya | Nyaya | Vaisheshika | Vedanta | Mimamsa | Yoga

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代インドの代表的な六つの哲学体系の総称。サンスクリット語はシャッドダルシャナadarśana。インドには数多くの哲学体系が成立したが、それらのうち唯物論、仏教、ジャイナ教のようなベーダ聖典の権威を認めない諸体系は、正統バラモンたちによって非正統派とみなされ、なんらかの意味でベーダ聖典の権威を認める〔1〕サーンキヤ学派、〔2〕ヨーガ学派、〔3〕ニヤーヤ学派、〔4〕バイシェーシカ学派、〔5〕ミーマーンサー学派、〔6〕ベーダーンタ学派のいわゆる六派哲学などは正統派といわれる。六派哲学おのおのの成立年代は明確ではないが、およそ120年から600年に至る480年の間、クシャーナ王朝からグプタ王朝にかけて、とくにグプタ王朝の時代に、諸学派の確立と展開が認められる。六派のうち、〔1〕は〔2〕と、〔3〕は〔4〕と、〔5〕は〔6〕とそれぞれ密接な相互補完の関係にある。また全体として共通の性格をもつ。第一に各学派には開祖が認められてはいるが、実際には長い年月にわたって多数の学者が徐々にその体系をつくりあげたもの。第二に各学派は「スートラ」sūtraと称する根本経典をもち、それに絶対的権威を与えている。第三にそれぞれ異なったアプローチの仕方をしているとはいえ、ウパニシャッドで明確にされた業(ごう)と輪廻(りんね)の思想を出発点とし、輪廻からの解脱(げだつ)を究極の目標としている。哲学的思索はこの最高目的達成のための手段である。このことは仏教やジャイナ教などの非正統派の体系についてもいえることである。

[前田専學]

[参照項目] | インド哲学 | サーンキヤ学派 | ニヤーヤ学派 | バイシェーシカ学派 | ベーダーンタ学派 | ミーマーンサー学派 | ヨーガ学派

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