Wind damage - fuugai

Japanese: 風害 - ふうがい
Wind damage - fuugai

There are direct damage caused by wind pressure from strong winds, and indirect damage caused by strong winds. In Japan, strong winds are most often caused by typhoons, followed by the northwest winter seasonal winds, developed low pressure systems, and other localized damage such as tornadoes and "oroshi" winds.

Wind pressure is proportional to the square of the wind speed, so as the wind speed increases, the wind pressure increases rapidly. Wind also gets stronger and weaker in short cycles, which is called the "breath of the wind." The wind speed at its strongest is called the instantaneous wind speed, and the average over a 10-minute period is called the average wind speed. Usually, the instantaneous wind speed is about 1.5 times the average wind speed, but it is smaller at sea and larger in cities.

Damage to houses occurs when the average wind speed is about 20 meters per second, with major damage occurring at more than 25 meters. Electric poles fall at wind speeds exceeding 30 meters, and houses and trees collapse at speeds of 50 meters or more. Power line towers bend at speeds exceeding 60 meters. On the night of February 28, 1978, a 36-ton train car was blown over a railway bridge over the Arakawa River in Tokyo, with the maximum instantaneous wind speed at the time being 52 meters, a strong wind associated with a tornado. The collapse of large objects is not simply due to wind pressure, but is also largely caused by the object's natural vibration matching the wind's breath cycle.

Damage caused by strong winds includes marine accidents, fires, and damage to crops due to high tides, wind waves, sea breezes, föhn winds, and wind erosion. Major wind damage was caused by the First Muroto Typhoon on September 21, 1934 (Showa 9), the Toyamaru Typhoon on September 26, 1954 (Showa 29), and the Isewan Typhoon on September 26, 1959.

[Takao Ando]

[Reference] | Wind | Typhoon

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

強い風による風圧で生ずる直接の被害と、強風に伴って生ずる間接的な被害とがある。強い風は、日本の場合、台風によるものがもっとも多く、ついで冬の北西の季節風、発達した低気圧、そのほか竜巻(たつまき)や「おろし」など局地的なものがある。

 風圧は風速の二乗に比例するから、風速が増大すると風圧は急激に大きくなる。また「風の息」といって、風は短い周期で強くなったり弱くなったりしている。もっとも強くなったときの風速を瞬間風速、10分間平均したものを平均風速という。普通、瞬間風速は平均風速の1.5倍くらいであるが、海上ではこれより小さく、都会などではこれより大きい。

 家屋に被害が出るのは、だいたい平均風速で毎秒20メートルくらいからで、25メートルを超すと大きな被害が出る。30メートルを超すと電柱は倒れ、50メートル以上では家も樹木も倒壊する。60メートルを超すと送電線の鉄塔は折れ曲がる。1978年(昭和53)2月28日の夜、東京の荒川の鉄橋上で、36トンもある電車の車両が吹き倒されたが、このときの最大瞬間風速は52メートルで、竜巻に伴う強風であった。大きなものの倒壊は、単に風圧だけでなく、物体の固有振動が風の息の周期と一致することも大きな原因となる。

 強風に伴う被害としては、高潮、風浪、潮風、フェーン、風食などによる海難、火災、農作物の被害などがある。風害の大きかったのは、1934年(昭和9)9月21日の第一室戸(むろと)台風、1954年(昭和29)9月26日の洞爺丸(とうやまる)台風、1959年9月26日の伊勢湾(いせわん)台風による強風の被害をあげることができる。

[安藤隆夫]

[参照項目] | | 台風

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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