Salaryman - kyunin

Japanese: 給人 - きゅうにん

(1) In ancient times, it meant a person who received a yearly salary from the central government. Nenkyo was an abbreviation of nenryo-bun, a kind of salary that emerged during the period of change and collapse of the Ritsuryo system. (2) In the Middle Ages, it generally meant a person who received a land pension from the shogunate or a manorial lord. In the Muromachi period, these kyonin were also called jito, and those who received half of their salary from the shugo were called hanzei-kyunin. In the Sengoku period, it meant a vassal who was given a pension of land by a daimyo. (3) In the Edo period, it meant a high-ranking vassal who was actually given a fief by a daimyo, and the fief was called kyochi, and the peasants under his control were called kyochi-hyakusho. In the early Edo period, such kyonin directly controlled the peasants in their fiefs and often had strong authority over determining the amount of annual tax, collecting labor, and disposing of the peasants. In some areas, kyonin lived in their fiefs and managed part of them as hand-cultivated land. In order to establish control over their own territories, daimyo restricted the arbitrary control of the peasants by these stipend holders and gradually reduced their control. The method often used in this case was to change the local chigyo, which gave land as stipends, to kuramai chigyo, which gave rice as storehouses. Even in cases where the system of granting land as stipends was retained, the absolute amount was reduced, various restrictions were placed on the control, and specific villages were not designated, only the amount of tax was specified. Such reforms were one of the important issues in the early reforms of the feudal domain. Incidentally, the chigyo that hatamoto received was called chigyosho, not kyusho.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

(1) 古代では，中央政府から年給を賜わった人をいう。年給とは年料給分の略で，律令制の変質，崩壊期に現れた一種の俸禄であった。 (2) 中世では，一般に幕府や荘園領主から所領の恩給を受けた者をいった。室町時代には，この給人を地頭とも称し，また守護から半済 (はんぜい) 分を給与された者を半済給人と呼んだ。戦国時代には，大名から恩給地を与えられて家臣となったものをいった。 (3) 江戸時代には，大名から実際に知行地を給与された上級家臣をさし，その知行地を給地といい，支配下の農民を給地百姓といった。江戸時代初期には，このような給人が知行地の農民を直接支配し，年貢額の決定，夫役の徴収，農民の処分などに関し強い権限をもっていた場合が多く，地方によっては給人が知行地に居住し，みずから知行地の一部を手作地として経営する例もあった。大名は自己の領内支配を確立するため，このような給人の恣意的な農民支配を制限し，その支配権を次第に削減していった。その際よくとられた方法は給地を与える地方知行から，蔵米を与える蔵米知行への改変であった。給地を与える制度を残す場合でも，その絶対量を減少させたり支配権にもいろいろな制限を付したり，また特定村落の指定をしないで，年貢量のみを指定したりした。このような改革は諸藩の初期藩政改革の一つの重要な問題点であった。なお，旗本の受けた知行地は，知行所と呼び給所とは呼ばなかった。

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