A general term for vehicles that fly in the air. They are broadly divided into aerodynamic vehicles and heavier aircraft based on the mechanism that allows them to float in the air. The former use the static buoyancy of gases lighter than air, such as balloons and airships, while the latter use the dynamic lift of air acting on wings. Heavier aircraft are further divided into fixed-wing aircraft such as airplanes and gliders, and rotorcraft such as helicopters and autogyros. On the other hand, Article 2 of the Japanese Aviation Act defines an aircraft as "an airplane, rotorcraft, glider, airship, or other device that can be used for aviation purposes as specified by law and regulations, and can be used for aviation purposes with people on board." Therefore, balloons, drones, rockets, and other devices that are not specified by government ordinance are not considered aircraft. In addition, aircraft have nationality, just like people and ships, and this identifies the attribution of jurisdiction and diplomatic protection rights over aircraft. In order for an aircraft to acquire nationality, it must be registered, and it must always display its registration number. Registration can be changed to another country, but dual nationality is prohibited. Conversely, unregistered aircraft cannot fly. The words aircraft and airplane are often confused, but aircraft has a broader meaning, while airplane has a narrower meaning and refers only to fixed-wing aircraft. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
空を飛ぶ乗り物の総称。空中に浮揚する機構の点から,軽航空機と重航空機とに大別する。前者は気球や飛行船のように,空気より軽い気体の静浮力を利用するもの,後者は翼に働く空気の動的な揚力を利用するものである。さらに重航空機は飛行機やグライダーなどの固定翼航空機と,ヘリコプタやオートジャイロなどの回転翼航空機とに分けられる。一方,日本の航空法は第2条で「航空機とは,人が乗って航空の用に供することができる飛行機,回転翼航空機,滑空機及び飛行船その他法令で定める航空の用に供することができる機器」と定義している。したがって,政令に定めのない気球,無人機,ロケットなどは航空機とはみなされない。また航空機は人や船舶と同じく国籍をもち,それによって航空機に対する管轄権と外交的保護権の帰属関係が識別される。航空機が国籍をとるには登録が必要で,常に登録番号を掲げていなければならない。登録は他国への変更が認められるが,二重国籍は禁止される。逆に無登録の航空機は飛行することができない。なお,航空機と飛行機という言葉は混同されがちだが,航空機 aircraftは意味が広く,飛行機 airplaneは固定翼機のみをさすもので意味が狭い。
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