Beef - Gyuuniku

Japanese: 牛肉 - ぎゅうにく
Beef - Gyuuniku

Beef has been eaten for a long time, if we look at it from a global perspective. It is said that beef was already being eaten in Egypt between 3000 and 2000 BC, as seen in murals on the walls of the pyramids. In Japan, there is an ancient legend that Okuninushi no Mikoto made farmers eat beef, and it was also offered as an offering to the emperor. However, with the introduction of Buddhism, in 676 Emperor Tenmu issued an order forbidding the killing of animals, and beef, along with other meats, became taboo. This type of ban was issued many times afterwards, and cows and horses in particular were strictly prohibited because they were useful livestock. However, wild boars, deer, and bears were eaten in small amounts under the pretext of eating them for medicinal purposes. It was the Hikone domain that broke this ban and started eating beef, claiming it was for medicinal purposes, but this was a very limited exception. From the end of the Edo period, foreigners began to live in Japan, and there was a shortage of beef, so at first beef was imported from Shanghai and America. However, because it was expensive, Tajima beef was shipped from Kobe to Yokohama, where it proved popular and the name of Kobe beef grew. In 1866 (Keio 2), a livestock processing plant was built in Shirogane Imazatocho (Minato Ward), Tokyo, to supply beef to the foreigners in the settlement. In the Meiji period, Japanese people also began to eat beef little by little, and dishes such as sukiyaki and gyuunabe appeared. It was not until the Taisho period that beef became a common daily food. It was after World War II that beef was served on the dinner table every day and eating beef became commonplace.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Origin and type

Famous Wagyu beef varieties with good taste include Tajima beef (Hyogo Prefecture), Omi beef (Shiga Prefecture), and Yonezawa beef (Yamagata Prefecture). Matsusaka beef is Tajima beef specially raised in Matsusaka. Tajima beef is also sold as Kobe beef. In recent years, large-scale cattle breeding has become popular, and beef cattle production areas have expanded to various areas. However, dairy cattle are becoming the norm. Wagyu beef includes black cattle, brown cattle, and hornless cattle, with black cattle being particularly popular for meat. Foreign cattle include meat breeds such as Shorthorn, Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Devon, and Charolais, as well as aged dairy cows such as Holsteins and fattening male calves. Dairy cattle are the most commonly used in daily life, accounting for more than half of beef consumption. Beef is produced domestically and imported, mainly from Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Imported beef is mostly frozen, but some is chilled beef, which is aged during refrigerated transport. Meat from cattle raised on grass only has a unique smell, but beef raised on grains does not have that smell.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

nutrition

Beef from the round of dairy cattle is composed of 66% water, 20% protein, and about 13% fat. The fat content varies greatly depending on the part, ranging from 5% (red round meat) to 43% (with rib fat). Wagyu beef has more fat in all parts than dairy cattle and imported cattle. Beef is high in high-quality protein. Organ meats, especially the liver, are rich in protein, fat, various vitamins, and minerals.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

How to choose and part

Beef from 4-5 year old female cows raised for meat is considered to be of high quality, tender and delicious. The meat should be a bright, slightly orange-red color with pure white, finely textured, sticky fat. The more finely the fat is distributed throughout the red meat, the softer it is to the mouth and the less likely it is to harden when cooked. This is because the protein fibers in meat have the property of shrinking strongly when heated rapidly, making the meat harder, but fat is a slow conductor of heat, so if fat is mixed in between the red meat, it prevents the red meat from heating up too quickly. Meat with finely mixed fat is called marbled meat and is used in sukiyaki. On the other hand, meat with a thin red color and no fat is from young fattened cows and has a light taste. The quality of beef varies depending on the part of the body, and in Japan it is divided into nine types.

The umami taste of beef comes mainly from inosinic acid, which is produced in large quantities during the so-called aging process, in which the meat is stored at 4-5°C for around 10 days after the cattle are slaughtered. Frozen meat is often not aged sufficiently and is partially dehydrated, so the taste is not as good as meat that has been well aged at low temperatures. Also, when beef comes into contact with air, the red meat pigment myoglobin oxidizes and turns into brown metmyoglobin, and the fat also oxidizes and takes on an oily smell, so if you are not going to use it right away, it is important to wrap it tightly to prevent it from coming into contact with air and store it in the refrigerator.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

cooking

There are many beef dishes, but some of the most popular are beef steak, roast beef, beef stew, and sukiyaki.

Beef steak is a dish that allows you to enjoy the taste of the beef itself, so it is important to use good quality meat. Sirloin is best, but fillet, loin, and rump are also used. The meat should be cut into thick slices, about 1.5 to 2 centimeters thick. Charcoal is the best heat source for grilling. It can also be grilled on a griddle or in a frying pan, but to bring out the original flavor of the beef, it is best to grill it over an open flame, using a special wire rack over a high heat and cooking the meat over a low flame, trying to retain as much juice as possible. Depending on the cooking method, there are rare, where the inside is still raw and only the surface is cooked, medium, where there is a lot of red left in the center, medium rare, which is somewhere between rare and medium, and well done, where the inside is cooked through. Beef steak is often topped with maitre de terre butter (butter made into a cream, salt, pepper, lemon juice, and parsley, cooled and solidified). Roast beef is a large piece of meat such as loin, tenderloin, or rump that is baked in the oven, then sliced ​​thinly and served with gravy. Cold beef is roast beef that has been thoroughly baked and cooled. It can be sliced ​​thinly and eaten with sauce or mustard, or used in salads and sandwiches. Beef stew is a dish made by stewing large pieces of beef with vegetables. Flavourful but relatively tough cuts of meat such as belly or shoulder are used. The surface of the meat is seared first before stewing. The longer the stewing time, the more flavour it brings out and the more tender the meat becomes. It usually takes three hours to simmer. Vegetables include onions, potatoes, carrots, and aromatic vegetables and spices. Tomatoes and brown roux are used to flavour the broth. Hamburger steak is made by adding eggs, finely chopped onions, breadcrumbs, etc. to minced beef, kneading well, shaping it and baking it. It is an economical dish that can use thin pieces of meat or tough but tasty parts of the meat. If the same ingredients are placed in a baking mold and cooked, it becomes meatloaf. Sukiyaki is a beef hot pot dish unique to Japan, and is said to have gotten its name from the fact that it was originally cooked using an old farm tool called a karasu-ki. There are Tokyo and Kansai styles of cooking, and the Tokyo style, which developed from beef stew, uses a broth called warishita. The Kansai style continues the tradition of the original sukiyaki, in which the meat is first fried directly in a pot, then green onions and sugar are added, and soy sauce is poured directly on top. As the meat is heated very hard in sukiyaki, loin is used as the marbled fat is softer. Other beef dishes include shabu-shabu, which is thinly sliced ​​meat that is quickly boiled, fried beef cutlets, oil-grilled beef, barbecued beef, nikujaga (beef and potato stew), beef curry, meat rice bowls, tempura, and chimjaorousu (stir-fried beef with green peppers). Beef can also be pickled in miso, kasu-zuke (pickled in sake lees), or made into tsukudani (food boiled in soy sauce).

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

"Yamaguchi Susumu's 'Meat Textbook' (1989, Fumin Kyokai)""Yokota Tetsuji's 'Beef - The Struggle After Liberalization' (1990, Fumin Kyokai)""Yoshida Tadashi's 'Beef and the Japanese - Praise of Wagyu Beef' (1992, Rural Culture Association)""Suzuki Futoshi's 'Knowledge of Meat Products' Revised Edition (1996, Saiwai Shobo)"

[Reference items] | Cattle | Meat | Livestock products
Beef cuts
1 Brisket (neck): Neck 2 Shoulder: The part mainly around the upper part of the arm (front leg) 3 Shoulder loin: The muscle part near the head on the back 4 Rib loin: The part continuing from the shoulder loin on the back 5 Sirloin: The part continuing from the rib loin on the back 6 Fillet: The thin part inside the sirloin. Also called tenderloin 7 Tomobara: The part near the back around the ribs 8 Shoulder loin: The part near the front around the ribs 9 Inner thigh: The inner part of the thigh 10 Shintama: The spherical mass below the inner thigh 11 Outer thigh: The outer part of the thigh 12 Rump: The loin part following the sirloin 13 Shank: The calf part of the limb © Takashi Aoki ">

Beef cuts

Bovine by-product parts
1. Liver: Liver 2. Heart: Heart 3. Mame: Kidney 4. Mino: First of the four stomachs that a cow has 5. Osoma: Third stomach 6. Skirt: Diaphragm muscle (thin part of the diaphragm on the abdominal side) 7. Sagari: Diaphragm muscle (thick part of the diaphragm on the lumbar side) Sometimes it is called "Sagari" without distinguishing between "Sagari" and "Sagari" 8. Himo: Small intestine 9. Shimacho: Large intestine 10. Tongue: Tongue 11. Tail: Tail 12. Kashiraniku: Part from temple to cheek In addition, Hachinosu (second stomach), Giara (fourth stomach), Kobukuro (muscle layer of uterus), Hara fat (fat around kidney, stomach, and intestine), Teppou (rectum), Achilles (tendon in the rear part of the leg below the knee), and Net fat (net-like fat between the intestine) are edible © Takashi Aoki ">

Bovine by-product parts


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

牛肉は、世界的にみれば、かなり古くから食べられていたものである。紀元前3000~前2000年のエジプトですでに牛肉が食べられていたようすが、ピラミッドの壁画にあるという。日本では古く大国主命(おおくにぬしのみこと)が農民にウシを食べさせたとの伝説があり、また天皇の供御(くご)にも供されていたという。しかし、仏教伝来により、676年天武(てんむ)天皇の殺生(せっしょう)禁断の命令で、ほかの肉とともにタブーとされた。この種の禁令はその後何回も出され、とくに牛馬は有用の家畜であるため、厳しく禁じられた。しかしイノシシ、シカ、クマなどは薬喰(くすりぐい)の名目で多少は食べられていた。この禁を破って牛肉を薬用と称して食べ始めたのは彦根(ひこね)藩で、これはごく限られた例外であった。幕末から外国人が日本に住むようになり、牛肉に困って当初は上海(シャンハイ)やアメリカからウシを輸入していた。しかし高価なので、但馬(たじま)牛を神戸から横浜に運ぶことになり、それが好評を博して、神戸牛の名が高まった。1866年(慶応2)に家畜処理場が東京の白金今里(しろがねいまざと)町(港区)につくられ、居留地の外国人に供給した。明治になり日本人もぼつぼつ牛肉を食べ始め、すき焼きや牛鍋(ぎゅうなべ)などが出現した。一般に日常食として牛肉を用いるようになったのは大正時代に入ってからである。そして、毎日牛肉が食膳(しょくぜん)にのぼり牛肉食が一般化したのは第二次世界大戦後である。

[河野友美・山口米子]

産地と種類

味のよい和牛としては、但馬牛(兵庫県)、近江(おうみ)牛(滋賀県)、米沢(よねざわ)牛(山形県)などが有名である。松阪(まつさか)牛は、但馬牛を特別に松阪で肥育したものである。但馬牛はまた神戸牛としても販売されている。近年多頭飼育が盛んになり、肉牛の産地も各地に広がってきた。しかし、乳用肥育牛が主体となってきている。和牛は、黒毛和種、褐毛和種、無角和種などがあり、とくに黒毛和種が肉用には喜ばれる。外国種ではショートホーン、アバディーンアンガス、ヘレフォード、デボン、シャロレーなどの肉用種のほか、ホルスタインといった乳牛の老廃牛や雄子牛の肥育などがある。日常よく利用されているのは乳用肥育牛で、これが牛肉消費量の半分以上を占めている。牛肉は国内産のほか輸入もされるが、おもな輸入先はオーストラリア、ニュージーランド、アメリカで、輸入牛肉は主として冷凍肉、一部には冷蔵輸送しながら肉の熟成を行うチルドビーフなどがある。牧草だけで飼育したウシの肉は一種特有のにおいがあるが、穀物などで肥育したものには牧草臭がない。

[河野友美・山口米子]

栄養

牛肉の成分は、乳用肥育牛のももで、水分66%、タンパク質20%、脂肪13%程度である。部位によって変動が大きいのが脂質で、5%(もも赤肉)から43%(ばら脂身つき)の幅がある。和牛はどの部位でも乳用肥育牛、輸入牛よりも脂肪が多い。牛肉のタンパク質は良質で多い。内臓、とくにレバーはタンパク質、脂肪のほか、各種のビタミン、無機質などを豊富に含んでいる。

[河野友美・山口米子]

選び方・部位

牛肉は、食肉用として飼育された4~5歳の雌牛の肉が、柔らかく美味で良品とされている。肉色は鮮やかな、わずかにオレンジ色がかった赤色をしていて、きめが細かく純白でねっとりした感じの脂肪のものがよい。脂肪が赤肉中に細かく分散したものほど口あたりが柔らかく、加熱調理しても固くなりにくい。これは、肉のタンパク繊維は急速に熱がかかると強く縮み、肉が固くなる性質をもっているが、脂肪は熱の伝わり方が遅いので、これが赤肉の間に交雑していると、赤肉の部分の急速な温度上昇を防ぐからである。とくに細かく脂肪が赤肉に入り混じったものを霜降り肉とよんで、すき焼きに用いられる。一方、赤みが薄く脂肪分のないものは若い肥育牛の肉で、味は淡泊である。牛肉の肉質は体の部位によって異なり、日本では九つに区分している。

 牛肉のうま味は主としてイノシン酸で、これはウシを処理してから肉を4~5℃のところに10日前後保存する、いわゆる熟成の間に多量に生ずる。冷凍肉は熟成が不十分である場合が多く、一部脱水されるので、味は、低温でよく熟成したものよりよくない。また、牛肉は空気に触れると、赤い肉色素ミオグロビンが酸化して褐色のメトミオグロビンに変化し、また脂肪も酸化して油臭くなるから、すぐに使用しないときは、空気に触れないようにきっちりと包み、冷蔵庫中に置くことがたいせつである。

[河野友美・山口米子]

料理

牛肉の料理は多いが、代表的なものとしてビーフステーキ、ローストビーフ、ビーフシチュー、すき焼きなどがある。

 ビーフステーキは牛肉そのものの味を楽しめる料理で、それだけによい肉でなければならない。サーロインがもっともよいが、ヒレ、ロース、ランプなども使用される。肉は1.5~2センチメートル程度に厚く切るほうがよい。焼くための熱源は炭火が優れている。鉄板やフライパンで焼く方法もあるが、牛肉本来の味を出すには直火(じかび)焼きがよく、専用の金網を火にかけて強火の遠火で焼き、肉の中の汁をできるだけ多く残すようにする。焼き方により、中がまだ生(なま)で表面だけ焼いたレア、中心部に赤い部分がかなり残る程度のミディアム、レアとミディアムの中間的なミディアムレア、中まで火を通すウェルダンがある。ビーフステーキは焼きたてにメートル・ド・テール・バター(バターをクリーム状に練り、塩、こしょう、レモン汁、さらしパセリを加えて冷やし固めたもの)をのせることが多い。ローストビーフは、ロース、ヒレ、ランプなどの大きな肉のかたまりをオーブンで焼いたもので、これを薄く切り、グレービーソースをかけて食べる。また、ローストビーフを十分に焼き、よく冷やしたものをコールドビーフという。薄切りにしてソースやマスタードで食べたり、サラダやサンドイッチなどにする。ビーフシチューは、牛肉を大きく切って野菜類とともに煮込んだ料理。ばら、肩などの、味があるが比較的堅い肉を用いる。まず初めに肉の表面を焼いてから煮込む。煮込み時間の長いほうが味が出るうえ、肉も柔らかくなる。通常3時間は煮る必要がある。野菜は、タマネギ、ジャガイモ、ニンジンなどとともに、香味野菜やスパイスも使う。汁の味つけにはトマト、ブラウンルウなどが使われる。ハンバーグステーキは、牛肉のひき肉に卵、みじん切りのタマネギ、パン粉などを加えてよくこね、形を整えて焼いたもので、肉の細片や、堅い部分であるが味のよいものなどを使える経済的な料理である。同じ材料を焼き型に入れて焼くとミートローフになる。すき焼きは日本独特の牛肉の鍋料理で、本来は、農具の古い唐鋤(からすき)を使ったところからこの名が出たという。東京風と関西風の煮方があり、東京風は牛鍋から発展したために割下(わりした)とよぶ煮汁を使う。関西は本来の鋤焼きからの伝統があり、まず肉を鍋でじかに炒(い)りつけてからネギ、砂糖を加え、これにしょうゆを直接注ぐ。すき焼きは肉を強熱するため、脂肪分が霜降り状になったところが柔らかいので、ロースが用いられる。牛肉の料理には、このほか、薄切り肉をさっと湯通しするしゃぶしゃぶ、フライ状にするビーフカツレツ、オイル焼き、バーベキュー、肉じゃが、ビーフカレー、肉丼、てんぷら、青椒牛肉絲(チンジャオロウスー)(ピーマンとの炒(いた)め物)などのほか、みそ漬け、粕(かす)漬け、佃煮(つくだに)などにもされる。

[河野友美・山口米子]

『山口勧著『肉の教科書』(1989・富民協会)』『横田哲治著『牛肉――自由化後の戦い』(1990・富民協会)』『吉田忠著『牛肉と日本人――和牛礼讃』(1992・農山漁村文化協会)』『鈴木普著『食肉製品の知識』改訂版(1996・幸書房)』

[参照項目] | ウシ | 食肉 | 畜産加工品
牛肉の部位
1 ブリスケ(ネック):頸2 かた:腕(前脚)上部を中心とした部位3 かたロース:背中の頭に近い筋肉部分4 リブロース:背中のかたロースから続く部位5 サーロイン:背中のリブロースから続く部位6 ヒレ:サーロインの内側の細い部分。テンダーロインともいう7 ともばら:肋骨周囲の後ろ寄りの部位8 かたばら:肋骨周囲の前寄りの部位9 うちもも:ももの内側の部位10 しんたま:うちももより下側の球状の塊11 そともも:ももの外側の部位12 らんぷ:サーロインに続く腰部分13 シャンク(すね):四肢のふくらはぎ部分©青木 隆">

牛肉の部位

ウシの副生物の部位
1 レバー:肝臓2 ハツ:心臓3 マメ:腎臓4 ミノ:ウシがもつ四つの胃のうちの第1胃5 センマイ:第3胃6 ハラミ:横隔膜筋(腹側の横隔膜の薄い部分)7 サガリ:横隔膜筋(腰椎側の横隔膜の厚い部分)ハラミ、サガリを区別することなく、ハラミとよぶ場合もある8 ヒモ:小腸9 シマチョウ:大腸10 タン:舌11 テール:尾12 カシラニク:こめかみから頬にかけての部分ほかに、ハチノス(第2胃)、ギアラ(第4胃)、コブクロ(子宮の筋層)、ハラ脂(腎臓、胃、腸の周囲の脂肪)、テッポウ(直腸)、アキレス(四肢の膝下後方部分にある腱)、網脂(腸の間にある網状の脂)を食用とする©青木 隆">

ウシの副生物の部位


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Milk - gyuunyuu

>>:  Beef hotpot - Gyuunabe

Recommend

Memorial Hall - Kinendo

…Christian architecture consists of churches (cat...

Golan Heights - Golan Heights (English spelling)

It is a strategic point that Israel captured from ...

Woodward, RB - Woodward

...Quantum chemical laws that explain or predict ...

Bonnet, O. (English spelling) BonnetO

…In this way, differential geometry, which uses c...

monsoon

〘 noun 〙 (monsoon) ① = kisetsufuu (seasonal wind) ...

Mir Jumlah (English spelling)

…One of the reasons for his victory in this civil...

Ofure - Touch

Laws and regulations promulgated widely by the sho...

Ozonide ion

...Strong oxidizing agent. Compounds containing a...

Water regulation by forest

The function of forests is to store rainfall in mo...

Hessel, JFC (English spelling) HesselJFC

…The mineralogist F. Mohs soon pointed out that t...

Shitan (Pterocarpus santalinus; red sandalwood)

An evergreen tree of the legume family, native to ...

Denitrification

An industrial term. The reduction of nitrogen oxid...

Kanerva, A. (English spelling) KanervaA

…Tyko Sallinen (1879-1955) painted men and women ...

Ivan the V - Ivan

…reigned 1730-40. Daughter of Ivan V (half-brothe...

Prince's lecture - Taishikō

〘Noun〙① A group of carpenters who worship Prince S...