The teeth located at the rear of the upper and lower jaws of mammals. The small ones at the front are called premolars (premolars), and the large ones at the back are called molars (remolars or simply molars), and their shape and number vary depending on the species of animal. Molars do not change shape, and there are no milk teeth. The biting surfaces of herbivores' molars have small undulations, but are generally flat, making them suitable for grinding food. They are named after their shape and function, which resembles a millstone. Carnivores also have molars, but their shape and function are different from those of herbivores, with sharp biting surfaces that are more suitable for biting than grinding. In particular, one large tooth (cleft or carnivorous tooth) located almost in the center of the molar row plays its main function, and the molars in front and behind are quite small. The shape and function of the molars of omnivores, including humans, are intermediate between those of herbivores and carnivores. The biting surface is not as pointed as that of carnivores, nor as mortar-shaped as that of herbivores. [Masayuki Uchibori] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
哺乳(ほにゅう)類の上下両顎(がく)の左右最後部に位置する歯をいう。前方の小さいものを小臼歯(前臼歯)、後方の大きいものを大臼歯(後臼歯または単に臼歯)とよび、それらの形と数は動物の種類によって異なる。大臼歯は換歯せず、乳歯は存在しない。草食獣の臼歯の咬合(こうごう)面には小さな起伏があるが全体としては平らであり、食物の磨砕に適している。このように形・機能が挽臼(ひきうす)に似ていることからこの名がつけられている。肉食獣にも臼歯はあるが、形・機能は草食獣のものと異なり、咬合面はとがっていて、すりつぶすよりは、かみ切るのに適している。とくに臼歯列のほぼ中央にある1本の大きな歯(裂歯または裂肉歯)がそのおもな機能を果たし、前後の臼歯はかなり小さくなっている。ヒトを含む雑食性動物の臼歯の形および機能は、草食獣のものと肉食獣のものとの中間型である。その咬合面は肉食獣のものほどはとがらず、また草食獣のそれほどには臼状でない。 [内堀雅行] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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