Food - Eat

Japanese: 食 - たべる

〘Ta-ba-1〙 Ta/Bu 〘Ta-ba-2〙 (A humble form of the yodan conjugation "tabu (gift)". Like the yodan conjugation "tamau (gift)", it originally means "to receive", but is used specifically in cases of receiving food and drink.) 1. A humble form of "nomu" (drink) and "kuu" (eat), also a polite form. (i) Primarily used with a humble feeling. Can be used when receiving food or drink from a superior or a god or Buddha, or simply when humbly and respectfully telling the listener that oneself or someone on one's side is eating or drinking. Itadaku. Tobu. ※Engishiki (927) norito: "Long and flat , I made five grains to eat . " ※Gosen (around 951-953) miscellaneous 3, 1219, inscription: "When Fujiwara no Okinori Ason passed by, I came over to him to have some water." (b) It is mainly used as a polite and refined way of speaking. Especially in modern times, there is almost no sense of honorific language, and it is considered a more polite word than "kuu" (to eat). ※Toraakira Kyogen: Yakusui (late Muromachi period - early modern period) "The waterfall of Yoro is called Yoro Falls, and when I tapped on the water, I found that it was medicinal water."※Tosei Shosei Kishitetsu (1885-86)〈Tsubouchi Shoyo〉chapter 13 "My health gradually worsened, and it was only about a month since I started taking medicine."② A polite way of saying "kuu (food)" which means to earn a living or live.※Ninjyohon: Haruiro Umemi Fune (around 1841-42)chapter 5 "He said he would let me do a small business so that my mother and I could make a living."③ Used in place of "kuu (food)" which means to carelessly believe what others say and be deceived. ※Kabuki Gosetsu Kanjincho (1773), Gotachikiri: "There is a play on words in the greetings, and it's all good on the surface. This Saemon will not be eaten." ④ Used in place of "kuu (food ) " which means to receive something undesirable. ※Tosei Shosei Kajitsu (1885-86), Tsubouchi Shoyo, 15: "You're making fun of me like this so that everyone can hear you. I won't eat your hand." ⑤ Used in place of "kuu (food)" which means to let your guard down. ※Dreams of the Future of Living in the Inland (1886), Tsubouchi Shoyo, 11: "No way, he's not the kind of guy who should be eaten . " [Additional note] The boundary between (i) and (ii) in ① is difficult to distinguish. The Rodrigues' Great Grammar of Japan states about "taburu" that "This verb is used when speaking about oneself or other people of lower status, and is used to show respect and deference to the person one is speaking to (translated by Doi Tadao)," which suggests that it had a strong humble character until around the end of the Muromachi period.

Hamu [food]

〘Other Ma 4〙① To put food in the mouth and chew. Chew and swallow. Eat. *Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 5.802 "When I see rice grown in the urinary inlet, I think of my children; when I see rice grown in the chestnut inlet, I miss them even more. " *Embracing Family (1965) by Kojima Nobuo, 2 "Cows graze on grass in a designated area of a certain number of hectares." ② To put something in one's mouth. *Kabuki, Sai-nyu Otogi-gusa (1808), scene at Hotaru-ga-numa: "I put a towel on it and put it in a backpack." ③ Fish and other creatures rise to the surface of the water to breathe. [Shinsen Jikyo (around 898-901)] ④ To harm. To damage. To erode. ※Engyohon Heike (1309-10), two stories: "It is said that greed will surely consume one's body." ⑤ To live by receiving a stipend etc. ※Joruri, Heike Nyogoshima (1696), 3: "Now I will once again consume the Heike stipend." [Additional note] In "Tales of Ise, vol. 14," there is an example: "At dawn, the fox cries out in the early morning, and I give it to her." There is a theory that "kitsu" in this phrase means "fox." If we follow this theory, the "hame" that follows below means "hamu (food)," and it is a transitive verb that is used in the lower two-step conjugation.

O- su-osu [Food]

〘Other Sa 4〙① An honorific form of "rule". To govern. To be governed. →Osukuni (Land of Food). ※Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 5.800 "Under this shining sun and moon, <omitted> I hear that it is the miraculous sight of the faraway land of Osu. "② An honorific form of "drink" and "eat". To eat. ※Kojiki (712) Middle, Song "I have lived a long and abundant life , and I have brought offerings of sake , all of which I have brought with me , and I have poured over them all."③ An honorific form of "wear" and "put on." ※The Chronicles (720) Kamiyo-jo (Mito Honkun) “ The woman ate the ten- grasp sword and gave birth to a child ” [Additional notes] (1) The most widely accepted theory about the origin of the word is that it is an honorific form of a verb meaning to be.
(2) Regarding (②) Among the ancient verbs meaning to eat and drink, “hamu” is focused on expressing the general action of eating and drinking, while “osu” is said to express the meaning of a noble person eating and drinking something as if it were his own.

Food

〘noun〙① To eat food. To have a meal. Also, that meal. ※Bunmeihon Setsuyoshu (middle Muromachi period), "A samurai's _two meals a _day at the lord ( Kyoto chapter)" ※This Year's Bamboo (1919-27) by Satomi Ton, a house by the moat "However, gradually there was less and less food" (The Analects of Confucius - Shuer) ② Something provided for eating. Food. Food. Meal. Ready. Also, prey . ※Sugakake Goshu (around 903) 100-verse narrative: "I am a man _{of high rank} , Who _is the official, but only a member? The deceased are given _food and food, and relatives are _given clothes." ※Heike (before the 13th century) 11: "When a ferocious tiger is in the deep mountains, all animals tremble. When it is in its cage, it moves its tail to ask for food." (Takarahon, ruby) [Confucius Analects - Gan Yuan] ③ Rice provided as salary. Rice allowance. Food allowance. [Liji - Bouki] ④ ⇒ food (eating)

to eat (to eat)

〘Other variants〙 shoku・su 〘Other variants〙① Eat. Eat. Hamu. ※Hoshishinshu (around 1216) 8 "At the very least, I should have eaten such things." ※Introduction to Elementary Schools (Type A) (1874)〈Private Edition〉 "Japanese people always eat grains and fish, while Westerners always eat meat and poultry ." ② To live a life. To make a living. ※Hanayagi Shunwa (1878-79)〈Translated by Oda Junichiro〉 3 "I am already an orphan without a word, alas, from now on, who shall I depend on to feed me?" ③ ⇒shokusuru (eclipse)

Jiki [food]

〘Noun〙 ("Jiki" is the Go-on pronunciation of "food")① Food. Food. ※Ryōiki (810-824) Vol. 1 "When I saw the monk begging for food , I was enraged and wanted to help him. " [Nippo Jisho (1603-04)]② A slang term for a beggar or someone who begs for things. ※Zappai・Yudarahi (1706) "In conclusion, there is something wonderful about the begging ."

Ke [food]

〘Noun〙 (From the same origin as "ke (ke)" (box)) Meal. Food and drink . Food. Eatables. Used in combination with "mike," " omike ," " toomike," etc. ※The Chronicles (720) Before Jomei's accession to the throne ( Kitano Honin) "The ministers gathered together and had a feast at the minister's house. They ate to death and dispersed ."

Oshishi [food]

〘Noun〙 (The noun derived from the conjunctive form of the verb "osu (food)") 1. To eat and drink. To eat. Or to drink. A meal. ※The Chronicles (720) Kamiyo-jo (Mito Honin ) "He went to the small shore of Iso - sasa in Izumo Province and was about to have a meal." 2. Food for hawks .

Ta-gu [food]

(Ta ga 2) To eat. Also to drink. To eat and drink. ※ Chronicles (720) Emperor Kōgyoku 2nd year, October, folk song: "A small monkey is roasting rice on a rock . Even the rice is blocked by a lot of obstacles , so an old man who drives a goat passes by ."

Suku [food]

(Ta Ka 4) To eat. Eat. Especially to push food into the mouth with water. ※Shoki (720) Emperor Kogyoku Year 4, June (Iwasaki edition, mid-Heian period) "Komaro and others sent rice with water . "

Shi [food]

〘 noun 〙 food. food. *Iroha Jiruisho (1177-81) "food shi shoku kuhimono kurafu" [The Analects of Confucius - Yongya]

Uka [Food]

The word 'uke' is used when it is combined with other words.

Uke [food]

〘Noun〙 Food. *Shaku Nihongi (1274-1301) 6 “Ukesha Shoku no Yoshiya”

Food

〘Other changes〙 ⇒ eat (food)

Tau-bu [Food]

〘Other Ba Lower 2〙 ⇒ Toubu (Gift) (2)

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘他バ下一〙た・ぶ〘他バ下二〙 (四段活用の「たぶ（賜）」に対する謙譲語。下二段活用の「たまう（給）」と同じく、本来は「いただく」の意であるが、特に、「飲食物をいただく」場合に限定して用いられる)① 「飲む」「食う」の謙譲語、また、丁寧語。(イ) 主として、謙譲の気持で用いられるもの。上位者または神仏などから、飲食物をいただく場合と、単に、自己または自己側の者が飲食するのを聞き手に対してへりくだり丁重にいう場合とがある。いただく。とうぶ。※延喜式（927）祝詞「長く平らけく、作り食留(たぶル)五(いつくさ)の穀(たなつもの)をも」※後撰（951‐953頃）雑三・一二一九・詞書「大弐藤原興範朝臣のまかりわたるついでに、水たべむとてうちよりてこひ侍りければ」(ロ) 主として、丁寧・上品な言い方の気持で用いられるもの。特に現代では敬語意識はほとんど無く、「食う」に比べれば丁寧な語とされる。※虎明本狂言・薬水（室町末‐近世初）「養老の滝と申て、薬の水いできて、其水をたぶれば」※当世書生気質（1885‐86）〈坪内逍遙〉一三「段々からだがわるくなって、〈略〉薬をたべたのも一月あまり」② 生計を立てる、生活する意の「くう（食）」を丁寧にいう。※人情本・春色梅美婦禰（1841‐42頃）五「母公と私が口養(タベ)て居るほどの小商でもさせて遣らうと言ふンでありますけれども」③ 人の言うことをうかつに信じだまされるの意の「くう（食）」に代えて用いる。※歌舞伎・御摂勧進帳（1773）五立切「挨拶に掛け語があって、表向きの良い事ばかり。この左衛門は喰(タ)べまいわい」④ 好ましくないことを身に受ける意の「くう（食）」に代えて用いる。※当世書生気質（1885‐86）〈坪内逍遙〉一五「聞えよがしにおれの前で、斯くは馬鹿にしていふのであらう。其手はたべぬ」⑤ 気をゆるせるの意の「くう（食）」に代えて用いる。※内地雑居未来之夢（1886）〈坪内逍遙〉一一「どうしてどうして、あいつア喰(タベ)られた奴ぢゃアありませんぜ」[補注]①の(イ)と(ロ)との境目は、明確にしがたい。「ロドリゲス日本大文典」では、「たぶる」について「この動詞は自分自身か他の身分の低い者かに就いて話すのに用ゐられるのであって、話す相手の人を尊敬して敬意を表するものである〈土井忠生訳〉」といっていて、室町末期ごろまでは謙譲語としての性格が強かったことを思わせる。

は・む【食】

〘他マ四〙① 食物などを口に入れてかむ。かんで飲みこむ。くう。たべる。※万葉（８Ｃ後）五・八〇二「瓜波米(ハメ)ば子ども思ほゆ栗波米(ハメ)ばまして偲(しぬ)はゆ」※抱擁家族（1965）〈小島信夫〉二「牛は何ヘクタールかのきまったところの、牧草をはむでしょう」② 物を口にくわえる。※歌舞伎・彩入御伽草（1808）蛍ケ沼の場「手拭をはませ、笈の中へ入れる」③ 魚などが水面に浮かび出て呼吸する。〔新撰字鏡（898‐901頃）〕④ 害する。そこなう。むしばむ。※延慶本平家（1309‐10）二本「貪欲は必ず身をはむといへり」⑤ 俸祿などを受けて、生活する。※浄瑠璃・平家女護島（1696）三「今又平家の祿をはむ」[補注]「伊勢物語‐一四」に「夜も明けばきつにはめなでくだかけのまだきに鳴きてせなをやりつる」の例があるが、この中の「きつ」を「狐」の意とする説があり、その説に従うと下に続く「はめ」は「はむ（食）」の意となり、他動詞下二段活用となる。

お・すをす【食】

〘他サ四〙① 「治める」の尊敬語。お治めになる。統治なされる。→食国(おすくに)。※万葉（８Ｃ後）五・八〇〇「この照らす日月の下は〈略〉聞こし遠周(ヲス) 国のまほらぞ」② 「飲む」「食う」の尊敬語。召し上がる。※古事記（712）中・歌謡「豊寿(とよほ)き寿(ほ)き廻(もとほ)し、献(まつり)来し御酒(みき)ぞ、残(あ)さず袁勢(ヲセ)、ささ」③ 「着る」「身につける」の尊敬語。※書紀（720）神代上（水戸本訓）「十握(とつか)の劔を食(ヲシ)て児(みこ)を生(な)す」[補注](1)語源については、居る意の動詞の尊敬語とする説が有力。
(2)(②について) 上代の飲食する意の動詞のうち、「はむ」が、一般の飲食する動作を表現することに重点を置くものであるのに対し、「おす」は、貴人が対象を自分の物として飲食する意を表わすものとされる。

しょく【食】

〘名〙① 食物を食べること。食事をとること。また、その食事。※文明本節用集（室町中）「侍_二食(ショク)於君_一〔郷党篇〕」※今年竹（1919‐27）〈里見弴〉濠沿の家「ただだんだん食が減って行った」〔論語‐述而〕② 食用に供するもの。たべもの。くいもの。食物。食事。じき。また、餌食(えじき)。※菅家後集（903頃）叙意一百韻「爵我空崇_レ品官誰只備_レ員故人分_レ食噉親族把_レ衣湔」※平家（１３Ｃ前）一一「猛虎深山にある時は、百獣ふるひおづ。檻穽の中にあるに及びて、尾をうごかして食(ショク)（高良本ルビ）を求むとて」〔論語‐顔淵〕③ 給与として支給される米。扶持米。食祿。秩祿。〔礼記‐坊記〕④ ⇒しょく（蝕）

しょく‐・する【食】

〘他サ変〙しょく・す〘他サ変〙① 食べる。食う。はむ。※発心集（1216頃か）八「せめてはかやうの物をも食し侍ぬべかりけり」※尋常小学入門（甲号）（1874）〈民間版〉「日本の人は常に穀類魚類を食(ショク)し西洋の人は常に獣肉鳥肉を食(ショク)す」② 生活をしていく。暮らしていく。※花柳春話（1878‐79）〈織田純一郎訳〉三「妾か身は既に告るなきの孤児たり噫今より何人に寄てか食せん」③ ⇒しょくする（蝕）