The right to demand the assurance of the conditions necessary for survival or life. A similar term is the right to livelihood, but whereas the right to livelihood is a right related to everyday "life," the right to life is a right related to a life worthy of a human being, and has a legally specific meaning. It is a right that forms the core of social rights or fundamental rights related to the right to life. The progress of capitalism has the tendency to intensify the gap between rich and poor and increase the hardships of the proletariat. Under such circumstances, how to guarantee a decent life for all citizens became one of the most fundamental problems that nations faced in the 20th century. The provision on the right to life appeared in the Declaration of Human Rights to meet this challenge. A well-known example of a constitution that stipulates the right to life is the Weimar Constitution (1919), which stipulates that "the order of economic life shall be conformed to principles of justice the purpose of which is to assure for all people an existence worthy of human beings" (Article 151). This constitution was later regarded as a model for the declaration of human rights, and the idea of guaranteeing the right to life spread throughout the world, especially after the Second World War. The Constitution of Japan, as a capitalist constitution of the 20th century, also stipulates the right to life. That is, "All people shall have the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living" (Article 25, Paragraph 1). This provision was not originally included in the Cabinet Draft, but was added in an amendment by the House of Representatives, mainly based on the argument of the Socialist Party. The content of the right to life of citizens is determined by law, and citizens can demand that the state fulfill its obligation to provide benefits to citizens for their survival based on that law. Examples of this type of law include the Livelihood Protection Act and the Employment Insurance Act. So, when these laws are deemed not to satisfy the minimum standard of healthy and cultured living, can Article 25 of the Constitution be used as a direct justification for making such demands? Famous court cases in which this issue was raised include the Asahi lawsuit and the Horiki lawsuit. In response to each demand, the Supreme Court dismissed the arguments, stating that Article 25 of the Constitution only stipulates the obligations of the state and does not recognize any specific right of claim for individual citizens, and that the realization of the right to life is a matter for the Diet's discretion. [Masaaki Ikeda] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生存または生活のために必要な諸条件の確保を要求する権利。これに類似することばとして生活権があるが、生活権は日常的な「生活」に関する権利であるのに対し、生存権は人たるに値する生活に関する権利で、法的に特定された意味をもち、社会権あるいは生存権的基本権の中心をなす権利である。 資本主義の進展は、貧富の差を激化させ、無産者の生活苦を増大させる傾向を内包しているが、このような状況のもとで、いかにしてすべての国民に人間らしい生活を保障するかということが20世紀の国家が当面したもっとも基本的な問題の一つとなった。生存権に関する規定が人権宣言に登場してくるのは、このような課題にこたえるためであった。生存権を定めた憲法の著名な例はワイマール憲法(1919)であり、そこでは「経済生活の秩序は、すべての者に人間たるに値する生存を保障する目的をもつ正義の原則に適合しなければならない」(151条)と規定した。この憲法はその後人権宣言の典型とされ、生存権保障の思想は、とくに第二次世界大戦後、全世界に普及するようになり、日本国憲法も20世紀の資本主義憲法として生存権を規定している。すなわち、「すべての国民は、健康で文化的な最低限度の生活を営む権利を有する」(25条1項)というのがそれである。この規定は初め内閣草案にはなかったが、主として社会党の主張に基づいて衆議院の修正で加えられたものである。国民の生存権の内容は法律によって定められ、国民はその法律を根拠にして、国民の生存に対する国の給付義務の履行を国家に対し要求することができる。この種の法律には、生活保護法、雇用保険法などがある。 そこでこれらの法律が、健康で文化的な最低限度の生活を満たすものでないと考えられたときに、憲法第25条を直接の根拠にして、それを要求できるのかどうか。このことが問題とされた有名な裁判事件として、朝日訴訟と堀木訴訟がある。最高裁判所は、それぞれの要求に対し、憲法第25条は国の義務を定めるにとどまり、個々の国民に対し具体的な請求権を認めたものではなく、生存権の実現は国会の裁量事項であるとして、その主張を棄却した。 [池田政章] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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