Anarchism

Japanese: アナーキズム(英語表記)anarchism
Anarchism
A political ideology that denies all authority, especially that of the state, emphasizes the freedom of the individual, and aims to create a society based solely on the agreement of those free individuals. It is often translated as anarchism. Although its roots can be found in ancient Greece, the most famous modern political ideology is An Investigation into Political Justice, written by the Englishman William Godwin in 1793 after the French Revolution. Since the mid-19th century, anarchism has branched out into various currents. These include individualistic views that assert the supremacy of the individual and preach the abolition of religion, morality, and the state as suppressors of the ego (→Stirner), those influenced by syndicalism and envisioning a government-free society based on mutualistic cooperation between productive workers, small peasants, and craftsmen (→Proudhon), collectivist views that recognize a certain degree of private ownership but advocate the collectivization of land and capital by organized labor and the direct use of force (→Bakunin), and communist views that criticize private ownership and advocate communal ownership based on rural communities and supported by individual initiative and mutual aid (→Kropotkin). In Japan, anarcho-syndicalism was advocated by Kotoku Shusui at the end of the Meiji period, and influenced Osugi Sakae and Ishikawa Sanshiro, but did not become a major political force. The idea of ​​anarchism, which advocates the union of autonomous individuals, can be said to be an expression of the desire for a utopia without domination in today's context of the increasing trend toward controlled society, but it often lacks the practical basis for realizing this desire.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
一切の権威,特に国家の権威を否定して,諸個人の自由を重視し,その自由な諸個人の合意のみを基礎にする社会を目指そうとする政治思想。無政府主義と訳されることが多い。古代ギリシアにも萌芽的なものがみられるが,近代政治思想としては,フランス革命後の 1793年にイギリスのウィリアム・ゴドウィンが著した『政治的正義の研究』が著名である。 19世紀半ば以降,アナーキズムはさまざまな潮流に分岐した。個人の至高性を主張し,自我を抑圧するものとしての宗教や道徳,国家の廃棄を説く個人主義的なもの (→シュティルナー ) ,サンディカリズムの影響を受け,生産労働者と小農民,手工業者の相互主義的協働による政府なき社会を構想するもの (→プルードン ) ,ある程度の私有を認めつつも,組織労働者による土地,資本の集産制と直接的実力行使を主張する集産主義的なもの (→バクーニン ) ,私的所有を批判し,農村共同体を基礎にした,個人の自発性と相互扶助に支えられた共同所有を主張する共産主義的なもの (→クロポトキン ) がそれである。日本においては,明治末期に幸徳秋水がアナルコ・サンディカリズムを唱え,大杉栄や石川三四郎に影響を与えたが,大きな政治勢力にはなりえなかった。自律的な個人の連合を主張するアナーキズムの思想は管理社会化が進展する今日的状況において,支配なきユートピアへの願望の表現であるともいえるが,それを実現する現実的基盤を欠くことが多い。

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