A political system in which a few people with privileges based on social status, lineage, family origin, or wealth rule. Along with monarchy, where one person rules, and democracy, where the majority rules, it is a typical form of government, and was widely seen in ancient Greek and Roman societies. Plato advocated aristocracy, and the Greek word aristocratia meant the rule of the best. The English word aristocracy is said to be a transformation of aristocratia. After the establishment of modern states, aristocracy was rejected along with monarchy as being hostile to democratic politics. The term aristocracy can also refer to a system in which nobility was established as a social status or honorary title. In medieval feudal society, especially as absolute monarchy was established, feudal lords were given the title of aristocrat, and they became the main members of the House of Lords, a parliament of estates, along with the clergy, and this system continues to exist in England today. In Japan before the Second World War, the Imperial Family, members of the nobility, and members appointed by the Imperial Throne constituted the House of Peers, one of the chambers of the Imperial Diet, and played a part in protecting the Emperor System. However, this privileged and undemocratic institution of the House of Peers was abolished with the establishment of the Constitution of Japan after the war, and a new, popularly elected House of Councillors was created in its place. [Hiroshi Tanaka] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
社会的身分、血統、門地、財産などによって特権をもつ少数者が支配する政治体制。1人の人間が支配する王制(モナーキー)、多数者が支配する民主制(デモクラシー)とともに典型的な政治形態の一種で、古代ギリシア・ローマなどの社会で多くみられた。プラトンは貴族制を推奨し、ギリシア語のアリストクラティアとは最善者の支配を意味した。英語のアリストクラシーはこのアリストクラティアの転化したものといわれる。貴族制は、近代国家の成立以後、民主政治に敵対するものとして、王制とともに否定されていく。ところで、貴族制という用語は、社会的身分または名誉の称号として貴族を置く制度をさす場合もある。中世封建社会、とくに絶対王制が確立してくるなかで封建領主などに貴族の称号が与えられ、彼らは身分制議会の貴族院において僧侶(そうりょ)身分とともにその主要な構成員となるが、この制度は今日のイギリスにおいても持続している。また第二次世界大戦前の日本においては、皇族、華族、勅任された議員が、帝国議会の一院である貴族院を構成し天皇制擁護の一翼を担っていた。しかし、このような特権的・非民主的な制度としての貴族院は、戦後、日本国憲法の制定とともに廃止され、かわって新たに民選の参議院が創設された。 [田中 浩] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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