Xiang-bing; Hsiang-ping

Japanese: 郷兵 - きょうへい（英語表記）Xiang-bing; Hsiang-ping

In China, a militia system was in place where local people were selected to defend their hometowns. During the Northern Song dynasty, there were frequent invasions from the Khitan and Western Xia, so local militias were active in the northern border areas, and the names of Kencho from Shanxi in Hebei and Baoyi from Shaanxi were famous. It is said that the barbarians feared local militias more than the regular army. Under the rules of the Renzong era, people were enlisted at age 20, exempted at age 60, and trained for a certain period of the year. In peacetime, they were engaged in farming, so it was inexpensive and effective, and was considered very important for national defense. It was also implemented in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国で，土着の者から選抜して郷土の防備にあたらせた民兵制度。北宋代は，契丹，西夏の侵入がしきりであったから，北方の辺境地帯に郷兵が盛んで，河北山西の強壮，陝西の保毅の名が有名であった。蕃族も正規軍より郷兵を恐れていたという。仁宗朝の規定では，20歳で兵籍に入れ，60歳で免除し，1年のうち一定期間訓練することになっていた。平時は農耕に従事するので費用はあまりかからず効果が大きかったので，国防上非常に重要視された。明，清でも行われた。

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